Pathophysiology Exam 3 Worksheet

Basal Cell Carcinoma

• Most common skin cancer, primarily caused by UV radiation exposure.
• Characterized by pearly nodules, often with telangiectasia; rarely metastasizes.
• Genetic predisposition may include mutations in the PTCH1 gene.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

• Second most common skin cancer; also linked to UV exposure and immunosuppression.
• Presents as red, scaly patches, ulcerated lesions; can metastasize.
• Associated with sunburn history and HPV infection.

Actinic Keratosis

• Precancerous condition caused by chronic sun exposure.
• Appears as rough, scaly patches on sun-exposed skin; potential progression to SCC.
• Risk factors include fair skin and a history of sunburns.

Impetigo

• Bacterial skin infection, predominantly caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.
• Presents with honey-colored crusted lesions, usually around the mouth and nose.
• Highly contagious; common in children.

Melanoma

• Deadliest skin cancer type, arising from melanocytes; linked to UV radiation.
• Characterized by asymmetrical moles with irregular borders and varied colors (ABCDE criteria).
• Genetic factors include mutations in the BRAF and KIT genes.

Seborrheic Keratosis

• Benign skin tumors that appear as raised, wart-like lesions.
• Often found on the trunk, face, and scalp; varies in color from tan to black.
• Not associated with significant risk of cancer.

Urticaria

• Commonly known as hives; can be acute or chronic.
• Characterized by raised, itchy welts due to histamine release.
• Triggers include allergens, medications, infections, and stress.

Eczematous Dermatitis (Atopic) vs Contact Dermatitis

• Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition; characterized by itchy, red patches.
• Contact dermatitis occurs due to skin contact with irritants/allergens; presents with localized rashes.
• Both conditions can have genetic and environmental influences.

Erythema Multiforme

• Hypersensitivity reaction often triggered by infections (herpes simplex) or drugs.
• Characterized by target-like lesions; can be mild or progress to Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
• Systemic symptoms may include fever and malaise.

Acne Vulgaris

• Common skin disorder characterized by clogged pores and inflammation.
• Lesions include comedones, papules, pustules, and cysts, primarily on the face, back, and shoulders.
• Major factors include hormonal changes, genetics, and increased sebum production.

Molluscum

• Viral infection caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus.
• Presents as small, painless, raised, pearl-like bumps on the skin.
• Highly contagious, often seen in children and immunocompromised individuals.

Tinea Infections

• Fungal infections affecting the skin, hair, and nails; types include tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea corporis (ringworm).
• Present as red, scaly patches with itching; diagnosed through skin scraping.
• Spread through direct contact or contaminated surfaces.

Rosacea

• Chronic skin condition causing facial redness, flushing, and visible blood vessels.
• Can lead to papules and pustules resembling acne; often exacerbated by triggers.
• More common in fair-skinned individuals over age 30.

Rhinophyma

• Advanced form of rosacea; characterized by thickened skin and enlarged nose.
• Primarily affects older men; related to prolonged untreated rosacea.
• Can result in cosmetic and functional issues.

Nevus

• Commonly referred to as moles; can be congenital or acquired.
• Usually benign but can develop into melanoma.
• Changes in size, color, or shape should be monitored.

Burn Shock

• Physiological response to severe burns, leading to hypovolemia and circulatory shock.
• Characterized by increased capillary permeability, loss of plasma proteins, and electrolyte imbalances.
• Immediate and aggressive fluid resuscitation is critical.

Multiple Myeloma

• Cancer of plasma cells, leading to excessive production of abnormal antibodies.
• Symptoms include bone pain, anemia, hypercalcemia, and renal failure.
• Genetic abnormalities include translocations involving the MYC gene.

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

• Type of cancer originating in lymphoid tissue, characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells.
• Common symptoms include painless lymphadenopathy, fever, and night sweats.
• Age is a notable factor, with two peaks in incidence: early adulthood and older age.

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

• Cancer affecting the blood and bone marrow, associated with the Philadelphia chromosome (BCR-ABL fusion).
• Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and splenomegaly.
• Chronic phase can progress to accelerated or blast phase leading to acute leukemia.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

• Type of cancer that affects lymphoid cells in the bone marrow.
• More common in children; presents with fatigue, fever, and frequent infections.
• Prognosis varies by age and genetic factors.

Von Willebrand Disease

• Genetic disorder affecting blood clotting due to deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor.
• Symptoms include easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, and nosebleeds.
• Inherited as autosomal dominant, worsening during pregnancy or surgery.

Hemophilia A vs B

• Hemophilia A is caused by factor VIII deficiency, while Hemophilia B is due to factor IX deficiency.
• Both inherited as X-linked recessive disorders; lead to prolonged bleeding episodes.
• Severity varies; treatment involves replacement therapy with clotting factors.

Sickle Cell Disease

• Genetic disorder resulting in abnormal hemoglobin (HbS), leading to sickle-shaped RBCs.
• Symptoms include pain crises, anemia, and increased infection risk.
• Autosomal recessive inheritance with significant complications such as stroke and organ damage.

G6PD Deficiency

• Genetic condition caused by deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, leading to hemolytic anemia.
• Triggered by certain foods, infections, or medications (e.g., sulfa drugs).
• More common in males and certain ethnic groups.

Myelodysplastic Syndrome

• Group of disorders caused by ineffective hematopoiesis, leading to dysplasia and cytopenias.
• Symptoms include fatigue, increased infections, and bleeding tendency.
• Can progress to acute myeloid leukemia.

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

• Rare disorder characterized by proliferation of Langerhans cells, affecting various organs.
• Symptoms depend on the organs involved; skin lesions, bone pain, and systemic symptoms can occur.
• Treatment varies from observation to chemotherapy.

Splenomegaly

• Enlargement of the spleen, often secondary to infections, malignancies, or liver diseases.
• Symptoms include abdominal fullness and pain; can lead to hypersplenism.
• Diagnosis may involve imaging studies and blood tests.

Physiologic Shift in Fluid Balance Related to Blood

• Disruption in fluid distribution can lead to hypovolemia, edema, or electrolyte imbalances.
• Factors include heart failure, renal dysfunction, and trauma.
• Maintaining homeostasis involves kidney function and fluid intake.

Hereditary Spherocytosis

• Genetic condition causing abnormal RBC shape, leading to hemolytic anemia.
• Symptoms include jaundice, splenomegaly, and fatigue.
• Diagnosed through blood smear and osmotic fragility test.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

• Common type of anemia due to insufficient iron for hemoglobin production.
• Symptoms include fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath.
• Causes include inadequate dietary intake, blood loss, and malabsorption.

Thrombocytopenia

• Condition characterized by low platelet counts, increasing bleeding risk.
• Causes include bone marrow disorders, hypersplenism, and autoimmune diseases.
• Symptoms may range from petechiae to more severe bleeding.

Vitiligo

• Autoimmune skin disorder leading to loss of skin pigmentation.
• Characterized by white patches on the skin due to destruction of melanocytes.
• Genetic and environmental factors may influence onset and progression.

Scabies

• Contagious skin infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites.
• Symptoms include intense itching and a pimple-like rash in skin folds.
• Highly transmissible, requiring treatment for infected individuals and close contacts.

Lyme Disease

• Tick-borne illness caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.
• Early symptoms include erythema migrans rash (bull's-eye) and flu-like symptoms.
• Late-stage complications can affect joints, heart, and nervous system.

Herpes Zoster

• Reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, causing painful, blistering rash.
• Characteristic dermatomal distribution; can cause postherpetic neuralgia.
• Vaccination can reduce risk of shingles in older adults.

Stages of Wound Healing

• Hemostasis phase: immediate clot formation post-injury.
• Inflammatory phase: characterized by redness, swelling, and heat; lasts 3-5 days.
• Proliferative phase: formation of granulation tissue and epithelialization.
• Remodeling phase: collagen reorganization and maturation, lasting months to years.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

• Bacterial infection caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, transmitted by tick bites.
• Symptoms include fever, rash (often petechial), and history of tick exposure.
• Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial for a good prognosis.

Psoriasis

• Chronic autoimmune skin

Basal Cell Carcinoma

• Most common skin cancer, primarily caused by UV radiation exposure.
• Characterized by pearly nodules, often with telangiectasia; rarely metastasizes.
• Genetic predisposition may include mutations in the PTCH1 gene.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

• Second most common skin cancer; also linked to UV exposure and immunosuppression.
• Presents as red, scaly patches, ulcerated lesions; can metastasize.
• Associated with sunburn history and HPV infection.

Actinic Keratosis

• Precancerous condition caused by chronic sun exposure.
• Appears as rough, scaly patches on sun-exposed skin; potential progression to SCC.
• Risk factors include fair skin and a history of sunburns.

Impetigo

• Bacterial skin infection, predominantly caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.
• Presents with honey-colored crusted lesions, usually around the mouth and nose.
• Highly contagious; common in children.

Melanoma

• Deadliest skin cancer type, arising from melanocytes; linked to UV radiation.
• Characterized by asymmetrical moles with irregular borders and varied colors (ABCDE criteria).
• Genetic factors include mutations in the BRAF and KIT genes.

Seborrheic Keratosis

• Benign skin tumors that appear as raised, wart-like lesions.
• Often found on the trunk, face, and scalp; varies in color from tan to black.
• Not associated with significant risk of cancer.

Urticaria

• Commonly known as hives; can be acute or chronic.
• Characterized by raised, itchy welts due to histamine release.
• Triggers include allergens, medications, infections, and stress.

Eczematous Dermatitis (Atopic) vs Contact Dermatitis

• Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition; characterized by itchy, red patches.
• Contact dermatitis occurs due to skin contact with irritants/allergens; presents with localized rashes.
• Both conditions can have genetic and environmental influences.

Erythema Multiforme

• Hypersensitivity reaction often triggered by infections (herpes simplex) or drugs.
• Characterized by target-like lesions; can be mild or progress to Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
• Systemic symptoms may include fever and malaise.

Acne Vulgaris

• Common skin disorder characterized by clogged pores and inflammation.
• Lesions include comedones, papules, pustules, and cysts, primarily on the face, back, and shoulders.
• Major factors include hormonal changes, genetics, and increased sebum production.

Molluscum

• Viral infection caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus.
• Presents as small, painless, raised, pearl-like bumps on the skin.
• Highly contagious, often seen in children and immunocompromised individuals.

Tinea Infections

• Fungal infections affecting the skin, hair, and nails; types include tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea corporis (ringworm).
• Present as red, scaly patches with itching; diagnosed through skin scraping.
• Spread through direct contact or contaminated surfaces.

Rosacea

• Chronic skin condition causing facial redness, flushing, and visible blood vessels.
• Can lead to papules and pustules resembling acne; often exacerbated by triggers.
• More common in fair-skinned individuals over age 30.

Rhinophyma

• Advanced form of rosacea; characterized by thickened skin and enlarged nose.
• Primarily affects older men; related to prolonged untreated rosacea.
• Can result in cosmetic and functional issues.

Nevus

• Commonly referred to as moles; can be congenital or acquired.
• Usually benign but can develop into melanoma.
• Changes in size, color, or shape should be monitored.

Burn Shock

• Physiological response to severe burns, leading to hypovolemia and circulatory shock.
• Characterized by increased capillary permeability, loss of plasma proteins, and electrolyte imbalances.
• Immediate and aggressive fluid resuscitation is critical.

Multiple Myeloma

• Cancer of plasma cells, leading to excessive production of abnormal antibodies.
• Symptoms include bone pain, anemia, hypercalcemia, and renal failure.
• Genetic abnormalities include translocations involving the MYC gene.

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

• Type of cancer originating in lymphoid tissue, characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells.
• Common symptoms include painless lymphadenopathy, fever, and night sweats.
• Age is a notable factor, with two peaks in incidence: early adulthood and older age.

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

• Cancer affecting the blood and bone marrow, associated with the Philadelphia chromosome (BCR-ABL fusion).
• Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, and splenomegaly.
• Chronic phase can progress to accelerated or blast phase leading to acute leukemia.

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

• Type of cancer that affects lymphoid cells in the bone marrow.
• More common in children; presents with fatigue, fever, and frequent infections.
• Prognosis varies by age and genetic factors.

Von Willebrand Disease

• Genetic disorder affecting blood clotting due to deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor.
• Symptoms include easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, and nosebleeds.
• Inherited as autosomal dominant, worsening during pregnancy or surgery.

Hemophilia A vs B

• Hemophilia A is caused by factor VIII deficiency, while Hemophilia B is due to factor IX deficiency.
• Both inherited as X-linked recessive disorders; lead to prolonged bleeding episodes.
• Severity varies; treatment involves replacement therapy with clotting factors.

Sickle Cell Disease

• Genetic disorder resulting in abnormal hemoglobin (HbS), leading to sickle-shaped RBCs.
• Symptoms include pain crises, anemia, and increased infection risk.
• Autosomal recessive inheritance with significant complications such as stroke and organ damage.

G6PD Deficiency

• Genetic condition caused by deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, leading to hemolytic anemia.
• Triggered by certain foods, infections, or medications (e.g., sulfa drugs).
• More common in males and certain ethnic groups.

Myelodysplastic Syndrome

• Group of disorders caused by ineffective hematopoiesis, leading to dysplasia and cytopenias.
• Symptoms include fatigue, increased infections, and bleeding tendency.
• Can progress to acute myeloid leukemia.

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis

• Rare disorder characterized by proliferation of Langerhans cells, affecting various organs.
• Symptoms depend on the organs involved; skin lesions, bone pain, and systemic symptoms can occur.
• Treatment varies from observation to chemotherapy.

Splenomegaly

• Enlargement of the spleen, often secondary to infections, malignancies, or liver diseases.
• Symptoms include abdominal fullness and pain; can lead to hypersplenism.
• Diagnosis may involve imaging studies and blood tests.

Physiologic Shift in Fluid Balance Related to Blood

• Disruption in fluid distribution can lead to hypovolemia, edema, or electrolyte imbalances.
• Factors include heart failure, renal dysfunction, and trauma.
• Maintaining homeostasis involves kidney function and fluid intake.

Hereditary Spherocytosis

• Genetic condition causing abnormal RBC shape, leading to hemolytic anemia.
• Symptoms include jaundice, splenomegaly, and fatigue.
• Diagnosed through blood smear and osmotic fragility test.

Iron Deficiency Anemia

• Common type of anemia due to insufficient iron for hemoglobin production.
• Symptoms include fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath.
• Causes include inadequate dietary intake, blood loss, and malabsorption.

Thrombocytopenia

• Condition characterized by low platelet counts, increasing bleeding risk.
• Causes include bone marrow disorders, hypersplenism, and autoimmune diseases.
• Symptoms may range from petechiae to more severe bleeding.

Vitiligo

• Autoimmune skin disorder leading to loss of skin pigmentation.
• Characterized by white patches on the skin due to destruction of melanocytes.
• Genetic and environmental factors may influence onset and progression.

Scabies

• Contagious skin infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites.
• Symptoms include intense itching and a pimple-like rash in skin folds.
• Highly transmissible, requiring treatment for infected individuals and close contacts.

Lyme Disease

• Tick-borne illness caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.
• Early symptoms include erythema migrans rash (bull's-eye) and flu-like symptoms.
• Late-stage complications can affect joints, heart, and nervous system.

Herpes Zoster

• Reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, causing painful, blistering rash.
• Characteristic dermatomal distribution; can cause postherpetic neuralgia.
• Vaccination can reduce risk of shingles in older adults.

Stages of Wound Healing

• Hemostasis phase: immediate clot formation post-injury.
• Inflammatory phase: characterized by redness, swelling, and heat; lasts 3-5 days.
• Proliferative phase: formation of granulation tissue and epithelialization.
• Remodeling phase: collagen reorganization and maturation, lasting months to years.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

• Bacterial infection caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, transmitted by tick bites.
• Symptoms include fever, rash (often petechial), and history of tick exposure.
• Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial for a good prognosis.

Psoriasis

• Chronic autoimmune skin