Pathophysiology Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What aspect of disease does pathogenesis specifically refer to?

  • The mechanism by which the causative agent produces pathological responses (correct)
  • The cause of the disease
  • The structural changes in tissues and cells
  • The observable signs of disease

    • Which term is used when the cause of a disease is unknown?

  • Multifactorial disease
  • Genetic disease
  • Idiopathic disease (correct)
  • Chronic disease

    • What is the main distinction between symptoms and signs of a disease?

  • Symptoms are measurable, signs are not
  • Symptoms are subjective feelings, signs are observable characteristics (correct)
  • Symptoms can be seen by others, signs cannot
  • Symptoms always indicate a serious condition, signs do not

    • Which of the following is a form of cell injury that cannot be reversed?

    <p>Irreversible cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the five groups that classify the causes of cell injury?

    <p>Biological agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of changes are referred to as gross morphologic changes?

    <p>Changes seen with the naked eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'multifactorial disease' mean?

    <p>A disease resulting from multiple genetic and acquired factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period do pathogenetic mechanisms occur?

    <p>In the incubation period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of uncontrolled free radical production in cells?

    <p>Damage to cell membranes and nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes hypoxia?

    <p>Insufficient oxygen supply to the cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hypoxia have on cellular metabolism?

    <p>It causes a shift to anaerobic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does calcium typically function within cells?

    <p>It functions as a messenger for enzyme release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to disruptions in intracellular calcium homeostasis?

    <p>Decreased blood flow and certain toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cellular pH during hypoxia?

    <p>It decreases becoming more acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of free radical damage to DNA?

    <p>Inactivation of enzyme systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about hypoxia is false?

    <p>It enhances ATP production in cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes dry gangrene?

    <p>It leads to the skin becoming dark brown or black.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does wet gangrene differ from dry gangrene?

    <p>Wet gangrene is always caused by infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes gas gangrene?

    <p>Infection by anaerobic Clostridium species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the process of gas gangrene?

    <p>Formation of gas bubbles in muscle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can result if systemic symptoms of wet gangrene become severe?

    <p>Death due to shock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway of apoptosis?

    <p>Accumulation of misfolded proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes necrosis?

    <p>Involves swelling and loss of membrane integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does apoptosis play in cellular health?

    <p>Elimination of unwanted cells in a physiologic manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features distinguishes necrosis from apoptosis?

    <p>Cell swelling in necrosis versus shrinkage in apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event occurs during apoptosis regarding the nucleus?

    <p>Fragmentation into nucleosome-size pieces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do apoptosis and necrosis responses differ concerning adjacent tissues?

    <p>Apoptosis does not cause inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell death is primarily associated with cytotoxic T lymphocytes?

    <p>Death receptor (extrinsic) pathway of apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is least likely related to the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway of apoptosis?

    <p>Engagement of death receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes coagulative necrosis?

    <p>Protein denaturation and hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs are primarily affected by coagulative necrosis?

    <p>Kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes liquefactive necrosis in the brain?

    <p>Softening and liquefaction of brain tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appearance of tissue affected by caseous necrosis?

    <p>Soft and granular, resembling clumped cheese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is involved in fat necrosis?

    <p>Breakdown of triglycerides by lipases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of saponification seen in fat necrosis?

    <p>Combination of fatty acids with calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis is commonly associated with tuberculosis?

    <p>Caseous necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of liquefactive necrosis involving bacterial infection?

    <p>Release of hydrolases from neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathophysiology

    • The study of functional changes in the body due to disease development.
    • Focuses on four aspects of disease:
      • Etiology: cause of disease
      • Pathogenesis: mechanism of disease development
      • Morphologic changes: structural alterations in cells/tissues
      • Functional derangements and Clinical significance: signs and symptoms

    Etiology

    • Diseases can be genetic, acquired, idiopathic, or multifactorial.
    • Acquired diseases are caused by factors like infection, nutrition, chemicals, physical agents, etc.
    • Idiopathic diseases have unknown causes.
    • Multifactorial diseases are caused by both genetic and acquired factors.
    • Iatrogenic diseases are caused by medical treatment, usually due to errors in diagnosis or treatment.

    Pathogenesis

    • The mechanism by which causative agents produce pathological and clinical responses.
    • Occur during the incubation period.

    Morphologic Changes

    • Structural alterations in cells/tissues.
    • Gross morphologic changes are visible to the naked eye.
    • Microscopic changes require a microscope.

    Functional Derangements and Clinical Significance

    • Represented by signs and symptoms.
    • Symptoms are subjective feelings experienced by the patient.
    • Signs are objective observations by the doctor.

    Cell Injury

    • Cells maintain a narrow range of physiologic parameters for optimal function.
    • Stress or stimuli can cause adaptation to achieve a new steady state, preserving viability and function.
    • Excessive stress can lead to irreversible cell injury or death.

    Causes of Cell Injury

    • Classified into five groups:
      • Physical agents
      • Radiation injury
      • Chemical injury
      • Biologic agents
      • Nutritional imbalances

    Mechanisms of Cell Injury

    • Free radical formation:
      • Highly reactive chemical species (reactive oxygen species).
      • Unstable radicals react with cellular constituents, causing damage to membranes, proteins, enzymes, and DNA.
    • Hypoxia and ATP depletion:
      • Hypoxia (lack of oxygen) is the most common cause of cell injury.
      • Can result from ischemia, low oxygen in air, hemoglobin dysfunction, decreased red blood cell production, or respiratory/cardiovascular diseases.
      • Leads to anaerobic metabolism, glycogen depletion, and decreased pH.
      • Ultimately leads to ATP depletion.
    • Disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis
      • Calcium functions as a messenger for enzyme release.
      • Ischemia and toxins increase cytosolic calcium levels.
      • Increased calcium activates enzymes with damaging effects.
      • Can trigger apoptotic cell death.

    Apoptosis

    • Programmed cell death, initiated by two pathways:
      • Mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway: triggered by loss of survival signals, DNA damage, or misfolded proteins.
      • Death receptor (extrinsic) pathway: elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes and targeted cell death by cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

    Necrosis

    • Unregulated death of cell groups within a living body.
    • Involves enzymatic digestion, swelling, membrane loss, and inflammation.
    • Interferes with tissue regeneration.

    Types of Necrosis

    • Coagulative necrosis:
      • Occurs in kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands.
      • Caused by hypoxia or chemical injury.
      • Protein denaturation makes tissue firm and opaque.
    • Liquefactive necrosis:
      • Occurs in neurons and glial cells of the brain.
      • Cells digested by their own hydrolases, forming cysts.
      • Also caused by bacterial infections, with hydrolases released from neutrophils.
    • Caseous necrosis:
      • Occurs in tuberculous infections.
      • Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis.
      • Tissue appears soft, granular, and cheese-like.
    • Fat necrosis:
      • Occurs in breast, pancreas, and abdomen.
      • Caused by lipases breaking down triglycerides, releasing free fatty acids that combine with calcium, magnesium, and sodium to form soaps (saponification).
      • Tissue appears opaque and chalk-white.
    • Gangrenous necrosis:
      • Result of severe hypoxic injury caused by arteriosclerosis or blockage of major arteries.
      • Classified as dry, wet, or gas gangrene.
      • Dry gangrene: coagulative necrosis, skin is dry, wrinkled, and dark brown/black.
      • Wet gangrene: bacterial invasion and liquefactive necrosis, tissue is cold, swollen, black, and foul-smelling.
      • Gas gangrene: caused by Clostridium infections, producing enzymes and toxins that destroy tissue and form gas bubbles in muscle cells.

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    Pathophysiology Lecture 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of pathophysiology with this quiz focusing on the study of functional changes in the body due to diseases. Explore key concepts such as etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, and their clinical significance. Ideal for students in healthcare and medical fields.

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