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Questions and Answers
What is produced at the completion of Meiosis I from a primary spermatocyte?
What is produced at the completion of Meiosis I from a primary spermatocyte?
What role do Sertoli cells play in spermatogenesis?
What role do Sertoli cells play in spermatogenesis?
Where does the maturation of sperm primarily occur?
Where does the maturation of sperm primarily occur?
What transforms ejaculated sperm to make them capable of fertilizing an ovum?
What transforms ejaculated sperm to make them capable of fertilizing an ovum?
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What is the role of the ampulla of the vas deferens during ejaculation?
What is the role of the ampulla of the vas deferens during ejaculation?
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What is the primary physiological change in sperm during capacitation?
What is the primary physiological change in sperm during capacitation?
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Which substance is produced by the seminal vesicles to help nourish sperm?
Which substance is produced by the seminal vesicles to help nourish sperm?
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What is the function of prostaglandins in semen?
What is the function of prostaglandins in semen?
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What is the common age at which benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) affects most men?
What is the common age at which benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) affects most men?
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What role does DHT play in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
What role does DHT play in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia?
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What is the major consequence of an enlarged prostate compressing the urethral canal?
What is the major consequence of an enlarged prostate compressing the urethral canal?
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Which of the following factors is most crucial for testicle descent in males?
Which of the following factors is most crucial for testicle descent in males?
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What happens during capacitation that alters sperm motility?
What happens during capacitation that alters sperm motility?
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What term describes the condition when testicles do not descend into the scrotum?
What term describes the condition when testicles do not descend into the scrotum?
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In which location might a cryptorchid testis be found if it is not in the scrotum?
In which location might a cryptorchid testis be found if it is not in the scrotum?
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What percentage of prepubertal boys is estimated to have uni- or bilateral cryptorchidism?
What percentage of prepubertal boys is estimated to have uni- or bilateral cryptorchidism?
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At what stage of development are primary oocytes arrested in meiosis within primordial follicles?
At what stage of development are primary oocytes arrested in meiosis within primordial follicles?
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Which structure is responsible for connecting the uterus to the vagina and producing mucus for sperm movement?
Which structure is responsible for connecting the uterus to the vagina and producing mucus for sperm movement?
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Which of the following hormones is produced by the ovaries during oogenesis?
Which of the following hormones is produced by the ovaries during oogenesis?
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What is the primary function of the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary function of the fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system?
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What is the function of the endometrium in the uterus?
What is the function of the endometrium in the uterus?
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What characterizes the primary oocyte in a primordial follicle?
What characterizes the primary oocyte in a primordial follicle?
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Which of the following processes occurs to activate a primordial follicle into a primary follicle?
Which of the following processes occurs to activate a primordial follicle into a primary follicle?
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What happens to the secondary oocyte during the menstrual cycle if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the secondary oocyte during the menstrual cycle if fertilization does not occur?
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At what point in the menstrual cycle does ovulation typically occur?
At what point in the menstrual cycle does ovulation typically occur?
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What distinguishes a Graafian follicle from a secondary follicle?
What distinguishes a Graafian follicle from a secondary follicle?
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How long does it typically take for a secondary follicle to develop into a Graafian follicle?
How long does it typically take for a secondary follicle to develop into a Graafian follicle?
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What is the function of the zona pellucida formed during follicle development?
What is the function of the zona pellucida formed during follicle development?
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Which statement is true regarding the regression of follicles?
Which statement is true regarding the regression of follicles?
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What is the significance of the temperature of the testes in relation to spermatogenesis?
What is the significance of the temperature of the testes in relation to spermatogenesis?
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Which cells in the seminiferous tubules are considered undifferentiated male germ cells?
Which cells in the seminiferous tubules are considered undifferentiated male germ cells?
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What is the correct sequence of the phases during spermatogenesis?
What is the correct sequence of the phases during spermatogenesis?
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What role do the seminiferous tubules play in the male reproductive system?
What role do the seminiferous tubules play in the male reproductive system?
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Which type of cells are formed by meiotic division during spermatogenesis?
Which type of cells are formed by meiotic division during spermatogenesis?
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What is the function of the accessory reproductive glands in the male reproductive system?
What is the function of the accessory reproductive glands in the male reproductive system?
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What characterizes spermatocytes during spermatogenesis?
What characterizes spermatocytes during spermatogenesis?
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At what stage does spermatogenesis transition from spermatogonia to mature spermatozoa?
At what stage does spermatogenesis transition from spermatogonia to mature spermatozoa?
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
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Which of the following statements about oocyte production is correct?
Which of the following statements about oocyte production is correct?
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During which stage of meiotic division is the secondary oocyte arrested prior to ovulation?
During which stage of meiotic division is the secondary oocyte arrested prior to ovulation?
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Which phase marks the majority of oocyte attrition in females during their lifetime?
Which phase marks the majority of oocyte attrition in females during their lifetime?
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What is formed when the nuclei of the sperm cell and ovum unite?
What is formed when the nuclei of the sperm cell and ovum unite?
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What best describes the first polar body's fate after its formation during oogenesis?
What best describes the first polar body's fate after its formation during oogenesis?
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What structure is left behind after the corpus luteum regresses?
What structure is left behind after the corpus luteum regresses?
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What is the fate of the secondary oocyte if it does not undergo fertilization?
What is the fate of the secondary oocyte if it does not undergo fertilization?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course name: Pathophysiology 5160
- Topic: Reproduction 2
- Instructor: Dr. Maiyon Park
- Institution: California University of Science and Medicine (CUSM)
- Course materials protected by copyright
Session Learning Outcomes (SLOs)
- Students able to describe male reproductive system:
- Testes and spermatogenesis
- Sperm storage and ejaculation, capacitation
- Male accessory reproductive glands
- Testicle descent and cryptorchidism
- Students able to describe female reproductive system:
- Female reproductive physiology
- Oogenesis and stages of ovarian follicle development
- Oocyte attrition
- Estrogen and progesterone synthesis and secretion
SLO 1a: Structure and Function of Testes
- Testes function in spermatogenesis and testosterone secretion
- Located outside the body cavity in the scrotum, at 35-36°C
- Testicular arteries and veins have a counter-current layout to regulate temperature
- Seminiferous tubules make up ~80% of the adult testis.
- Spermatogonia (2n2c) are undifferentiated male germ cells
- Spermatocytes (2n2c) are cells derived from spermatogonia, becoming mature sperm
- Spermatids are haploid (1n1c) cells from meiotic division, forming spermatozoa in spermiogenesis
- Important process in spermatogenesis
SLO 1a: Spermatogenesis
- Multiplication phase: Spermatogonia (2n2C, 46), stem cells at the basal lamina, proliferate via mitosis.
- Growth phase: One daughter spermatogonium grows and enters meiosis, becoming primary spermatocyte (2n2C,46), and further dividing in the process
- Meiosis I: Primary spermatocyte becomes secondary spermatocytes (1n1C, haploid)
- Meiosis II: Secondary spermatocytes produce 4 spermatids (1n1C, haploid, 23) from each primary spermatocyte
- Maturation phase (Spermiogenesis): Spermatids differentiate into mature spermatozoa or sperms (1n1c) with flagella enabling movement.
SLO 1b: Storage of Sperm, Ejaculation, and Fertilization
- Sperm maturation proceeds primarily in the epididymis
- During sexual arousal, smooth muscle contractions propel mature spermatozoa
- Following ejaculation, there is transportation of sperm from epididymis to vas deferens where seminal vesicles, and prostate glands provide fluid to make semen.
- Prostaglandins from seminal vesicles help with sperm motility and counteract vaginal acidity, inducing peristaltic contractions for optimal sperm penetration.
- 15 million sperms per milliliter are considered a normal count
SLO 1b: Capacitation, Acrosomal Reaction, and Fertilization
- Sperm require capacitation to be able to fertilize an ovum which occurs in the female reproductive tract for about 10 hours
- During capacitation, sperm are released from seminal plasma proteins and undergo reorganization of plasma membrane proteins and lipids with increased cAMP and decreased pH.
- Motility increases, resulting in a "whip-like" motion.
- Acrosomal reaction occurs when the sperm's acrosome (a vesicle at the head) fuses with the cell membrane.
- Enzymes released from the acrosome help the sperm penetrate the ovum's protective layers.
SLO 1c: Male Reproductive Accessory Organs - Seminal Vesicle & Prostate Gland
- Seminal vesicles secrete alkaline viscous fluid containing fructose, citrate, prostaglandins (aid in sperm motility)
- Prostate gland adds milky fluid with enzymes, calcium, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
- These fluids combined form semen (providing nutrition and aiding fertilization).
- Prostaglandins help to neutralize acidic vaginal conditions and induce peristaltic contractions in the uterine tubes.
SLO 1d: Testicle Descent and Cryptorchidism
- Normally, testicles descend into the scrotum in boys by 9 months of age.
- Undescended testicles are common in premature infants.
- Cryptorchidism refers to incomplete or undescended testicles.
- Cryptorchidism can occur in the abdomen, inguinal canal, or prescrotal locations.
- Potential for infertility or testicular cancer
SLO 2a: Female Reproductive Physiology
- Ovaries produce eggs (ova) and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone)
- Fallopian tubes capture the egg from the ovary and transport it to the uterus, site of fertilization
- Uterus provides a suitable environment for the fertilized egg
- Cervix secretes mucus regulating sperm entry
- Vagina conducts sperm to the uterus and acts as the birth canal
SLO 2b: Oogenesis & Follicle Development of Female Reproduction
- Oogenesis is the process of creating eggs (ova) in the ovaries, which happens during fetal development and continues into a woman's reproductive life.
- Oogonia develop into primary oocytes, arrested in prophase I of meiosis.
- At puberty, some follicles mature, and primary oocytes complete meiosis I, producing secondary oocytes.
- Secondary oocytes arrest in metaphase II, ready for fertilization.
- Follicle development involves a series of changes in the follicle surrounding the oocyte.
- These changes involve granulosa cells and theca cells.
SLO 2b: Ovaries & Follicle Development for Female Reproduction
- Cortex is the outer layer of the ovary, housing oocytes within follicles.
- Medulla is the inner layer, containing blood vessels and nerves.
- Ovarian follicles are functional units of the ovary containing oocytes surrounded by follicular cells; this produces primordial follicle
- Primordial follicle develops into a growing or primary follicle over a period of several years.
- This process continues until a mature follicle (Graafian follicle) develops, which releases an ovum (egg) at ovulation
SLO 2b: Follicle Development for Female Reproduction
- One follicle matures during each menstrual cycle.
- Follicle continues to grow with the maturation of Granulosa and Theca cells, preparing it for ovulation.
- Primary oocytes remain arrested in prophase I of meiosis until puberty, one at a time per menstrual cycle.
- Primary oocytes are enveloped in layers of follicle to form the mature Graafian follicle, which then releases the ovum (egg) through the process of ovulation.
SLO 2b: Follicle Development for Female Reproduction
- A single Graafian follicle becomes dominant and the others regress.
- Ovulation occurs about 14 days after menstruation; this causes the dominant follicle to rupture and release the secondary oocyte into the peritoneal cavity.
- Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes; if successful, the secondary oocyte completes meiosis.
- If fertilization does not occur, the remnants of the ruptured follicle form the corpus luteum, which supports early pregnancy.
SLO 2c: Unequal Cytokinesis during Oogenesis
- Oogonia (2n) are formed via mitosis.
- During fetal development, Meiosis I begins forming primary oocytes, arrested in prophase I.
- After puberty, primary oocytes complete meiosis I, producing a secondary oocyte and a polar body.
- The secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase II, waiting for fertilization.
- Upon fertilization, meiosis II completes, creating an ovum and a second polar body.
SLO 2c: Attrition of Oocytes in Female Lifetime
- At birth, females have a large pool of primary oocytes, but most will undergo atresia (degeneration).
- During fetal development, about 7 million oogonia are present.
- By the time of birth, only about 2 million remain.
- Around puberty, about 400,000 oocytes remain. Only 400-500 will be released during a woman's reproductive lifetime.
- New oocytes are not produced, therefore, a woman's reproductive lifespan declines after puberty.
SLO 2d: Steroid Hormone Production in Ovary
- Steroid hormones produced in ovaries support ovulation and embryonic development.
- Primary follicles produce estrogen.
- Secondary follicles produce both estrogen and progesterone.
- Corpus luteum mainly produces progesterone.
- LH and FSH stimulate different steroidogenic enzymes in theca cells and granulosa cells, leading to the production of androgens and estrogens.
- Androgens produced in theca cells are converted into estrogens in the granulosa cells through enzymatic processes (17ßHSD and aromatase).
Summary of Parts and Functions of Female Reproductive System
- Includes a diagram of the female reproductive system with labeled parts.
- Oogenesis is presented with stages (mitosis, meiosis phases).
- Follicle development with stages and graphical representation.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in male and female reproductive systems as outlined in Pathophysiology 5160. Students will explore spermatogenesis, hormone secretion, ovarian development, and related physiology. Prepare to test your understanding of reproductive anatomy and function.
