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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of cellular adaptation?
What is the primary purpose of cellular adaptation?
Which type of cellular adaptation results in an increase in cell size and is often seen in affected organs?
Which type of cellular adaptation results in an increase in cell size and is often seen in affected organs?
Which type of cell is considered nondividing and unable to proliferate?
Which type of cell is considered nondividing and unable to proliferate?
What distinguishes pathologic cellular adaptation from physiologic adaptation?
What distinguishes pathologic cellular adaptation from physiologic adaptation?
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Which cellular adaptation is characterized by a decrease in cell size?
Which cellular adaptation is characterized by a decrease in cell size?
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What factors influence whether a stress leads to adaptation or injury?
What factors influence whether a stress leads to adaptation or injury?
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What is the main difference between labile and stable cells?
What is the main difference between labile and stable cells?
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Which term describes the abnormal proliferation of cells, often seen in dysplasia?
Which term describes the abnormal proliferation of cells, often seen in dysplasia?
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What is the appearance of caseous necrosis commonly described as?
What is the appearance of caseous necrosis commonly described as?
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Gangrenous necrosis is most often associated with which condition?
Gangrenous necrosis is most often associated with which condition?
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What causes fibrinoid necrosis?
What causes fibrinoid necrosis?
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Which type of necrosis is associated with pancreatic enzymes damaging fat?
Which type of necrosis is associated with pancreatic enzymes damaging fat?
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Gummatous necrosis is primarily related to which type of infection?
Gummatous necrosis is primarily related to which type of infection?
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Which type of necrosis is characterized by bright pink deposits in H&E stains?
Which type of necrosis is characterized by bright pink deposits in H&E stains?
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What triggers apoptosis in cells?
What triggers apoptosis in cells?
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Haemorrhagic necrosis occurs as a result of what?
Haemorrhagic necrosis occurs as a result of what?
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What is the primary mechanism leading to metaplasia?
What is the primary mechanism leading to metaplasia?
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Which type of metaplasia is characterized by squamous cells replacing columnar cells?
Which type of metaplasia is characterized by squamous cells replacing columnar cells?
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Dysplasia is characterized by which of the following features?
Dysplasia is characterized by which of the following features?
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What is a key difference between hyperplasia and metaplasia?
What is a key difference between hyperplasia and metaplasia?
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Which condition is characterized by undifferentiated cells with a high number of mitotic figures?
Which condition is characterized by undifferentiated cells with a high number of mitotic figures?
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What characterizes hypertrophy?
What characterizes hypertrophy?
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Which of the following is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?
Which of the following is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?
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Which statement is true about atrophy?
Which statement is true about atrophy?
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What is the major difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
What is the major difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
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What causes pathologic hypertrophy?
What causes pathologic hypertrophy?
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Which condition is an example of pathologic atrophy?
Which condition is an example of pathologic atrophy?
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Which of the following processes may coexist with hypertrophy?
Which of the following processes may coexist with hypertrophy?
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What is metaplasia?
What is metaplasia?
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What is primarily deposited in smooth muscle cells and macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques?
What is primarily deposited in smooth muscle cells and macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques?
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Which term describes a cluster of foamy cells found in the skin and tendons?
Which term describes a cluster of foamy cells found in the skin and tendons?
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What does cholesterosis refer to?
What does cholesterosis refer to?
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What is the appearance of hyaline change in histologic sections?
What is the appearance of hyaline change in histologic sections?
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Which of the following is an example of intracellular hyaline change?
Which of the following is an example of intracellular hyaline change?
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In what form is glycogen primarily stored in healthy cells?
In what form is glycogen primarily stored in healthy cells?
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What type of change occurs in the walls of arterioles due to long-standing hypertension?
What type of change occurs in the walls of arterioles due to long-standing hypertension?
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Which protein accumulation is specifically associated with α1 antitrypsin deficiency?
Which protein accumulation is specifically associated with α1 antitrypsin deficiency?
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Study Notes
Pathology Overview
- Pathology studies disease, emphasizing etiology (causes such as infections or genetic factors) and pathogenesis (progression of disease).
- It encompasses molecular and morphologic changes and focuses on clinical manifestations (signs and symptoms).
Cell Injury and Adaptation
- Cells are structural and functional units of tissues and organs; they adapt to physiologic or pathologic stress through changes in function and structure.
- This adaptation creates a new steady state while preserving cell viability.
Types of Cells by Proliferation
- Labile cells: continuously dividing (e.g., epithelium, bone marrow).
- Stable cells: quiescent, capable of division when stimulated (e.g., hepatocytes, fibroblasts).
- Permanent cells: non-dividing (e.g., neurons, cardiac muscle).
Types of Cellular Adaptations
- Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size due to increased workload (e.g., cardiac muscle hypertrophy in hypertension).
- Hyperplasia: Increase in the number of cells in response to stimuli (e.g., breast enlargement during pregnancy).
- Atrophy: Shrinkage of cells due to loss of substance; involves decreased protein synthesis and increased degradation.
- Metaplasia: Replacement of one adult cell type by another, often as an adaptive response to stress.
- Dysplasia: Atypical changes in cell size and shape; considered a premalignant condition.
Hypertrophy
- Involves the enlargement of existing cells without new cell formation.
- Usually reversible if the causal factors are removed.
Hyperplasia
- Involves increased cell division leading to an increase in tissue or organ size.
- Can be physiologic (normal levels) or pathologic as seen in abnormal hormonal responses.
Atrophy
- Results from decreased workload, denervation, ischemia, malnutrition, and hormonal changes.
- Cells undergo protein degradation leading to shrinkage, but retain some viability.
Metaplasia and Dysplasia
- Metaplasia is reversible, while dysplasia may lead to malignancy if persistent.
- Chronic inflammation or irritation often triggers dysplastic changes.
Caseous Necrosis
- Characterized by a cheese-like appearance, often associated with tuberculosis lesions.
Patterns of Necrosis
- Gangrenous necrosis: Often seen in distal limbs due to ischemia and can be dry (coagulative) or wet (liquefactive).
- Fibrinoid necrosis: Occurs in immune-mediated vascular damage.
- Fat necrosis: Results from pancreatic injury or trauma leading to necrosis of adipose tissue.
Apoptosis
- A controlled and gene-regulated process of programmed cell death, leading to formation of apoptotic bodies that are phagocytized without inflammation.
Neoplasia
- Refers to "new growth" or tumors, which can be benign (non-invasive) or malignant (cancerous).
Other Cellular Changes
- Aplasia: Complete failure of cell production leading to absence of an organ.
- Hypoplasia: Incomplete development resulting in reduced organ size; less severe than aplasia.
Intracellular Changes
- Hyaline change: Refers to glassy, homogeneous appearance in tissues; can reflect intracellular or extracellular alterations.
- Glycogen accumulation: Indicates energy source storage within healthy cells, appearing as granules in the cytoplasm.
Summary
- Adaptations in cells (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia) are crucial for maintaining homeostasis under stress but can lead to pathological conditions and tumor formation if dysregulated.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of pathology, focusing on disease etiology, pathogenesis, and the adaptation of cells to stress. It includes the classification of cells by proliferation and various types of cellular adaptations. Test your understanding of these critical concepts in pathology!
