Pathology: Cardiovascular
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Pathology: Cardiovascular

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Questions and Answers

What is a common result of transient dysfunction in the cardiovascular system?

  • Improved overall health
  • Enhanced immune function
  • Increased energy levels
  • Death (correct)

    • Most cardiovascular diseases in animals occur at rates similar to those in humans.

    False

    What is the primary purpose of the cardiovascular system?

    To propel blood around the body.

    The heart is divided into two sides, each with two _____ .

    <p>chambers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cardiovascular conditions with their common causes:

    <p>Increased blood cholesterol = Canine hypothyroidism Hypertension = Secondary to renal disease Congestive heart failure = Response to injury Blood vessel abnormalities = Clot formation or hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes a consequence of turbulent or slowed blood flow?

    <p>It poses significant danger to the organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant indicator in blood samples that may assist in diagnosing heart disease?

    <p>Serum lipid levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Congenital heart deformities have no impact on the heart's function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chamber of the heart collects oxygenated blood from the lungs?

    <p>Left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle because it pumps blood to the lungs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the fates of cardiac myocytes after heart damage?

    <p>They cannot regenerate and repair occurs using fibrous tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ valves prevent back-flow of blood into the left ventricle.

    <p>aortic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of heart failure with their descriptions:

    <p>Left-sided heart failure = Results in pooling of blood within pulmonary circulation Right-sided heart failure = Results in pooling of blood in systemic circulation Congestive heart failure = Common clinical syndrome due to reduced heart function Cor pulmonale = Right-sided heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the coronary arteries?

    <p>Supply blood to the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The natural heart can efficiently repair itself after serious damage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during cardiac decompensation?

    <p>Marked dilation prevents the heart from increasing contractility to match dilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the outer layer of the heart and is attached to the visceral layer of the pericardium.

    <p>epicardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their associated outcomes:

    <p>Left-sided heart failure = Pulmonary edema Right-sided heart failure = Peritoneal edema (ascites) CHF = Fluid leakage and congestion Cor pulmonale = Secondary right-sided heart failure due to lung issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism does NOT contribute to the heart's functional reserve?

    <p>Decreased muscle elasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac hypertrophy occurs as the left ventricular wall thickens in response to increased workload.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is indicated by necrosis or fibrosis within the myocardium post-mortem?

    <p>Heart damage or failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood flow occurs from the left atrium to the left ______.

    <p>ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common histological feature observed in centrilobular congestion?

    <p>Necrosis of centrilobular hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Congestive heart failure typically results in decreased blood volume.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathological effect does the renin-angiotensin system have in the context of heart failure?

    <p>It results in sodium retention and increased blood volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term _____ is used to describe severely affected livers in centrilobular congestion.

    <p>Nutmeg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may high serum proBNP concentrations in dogs indicate?

    <p>Heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pathologic hypertrophy occurs only in response to primary myocardial disorders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is a marker released after necrosis of cardiac myocytes?

    <p>Creatine kinase (CK)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cardiac-related terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Physiologic hypertrophy = Normal adaptation to exercise Pathologic hypertrophy = Abnormal thickening of the myocardium Creatine kinase (CK) = Marker for cardiac necrosis proBNP = Natriuretic peptide related to heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of congenital heart defects in humans?

    <p>In utero toxin exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The patent ductus arteriosus results in blood flowing from the pulmonary artery to the aorta.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of untreated congenital heart defects?

    <p>Turbulent blood flow resulting in heart murmurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Failure of fetal structures to close can lead to _____ defects.

    <p>congenital</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal breed is most commonly associated with patent ductus arteriosus?

    <p>Poodles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ProBNP concentrations are reliable for distinguishing heart disease in cats.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by increased proBNP levels in animals with heart conditions?

    <p>Increased volume overload and heart disease severity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition occurs from the failure of the foramen ovale to close?

    <p>Atrial septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonic stenosis causes decreased intracardiac pressure in the right ventricle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the four cardiac abnormalities present in Tetralogy of Fallot.

    <p>Ventricular septal defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Congenital valve malformations that result in loss of patency are less common in ______.

    <p>dogs and cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following congenital heart defects with their primary characteristics:

    <p>Patent ductus arteriosus = Abnormal connection between aorta and pulmonary artery Persistent right aortic arch = Compression of the esophagus Subaortic stenosis = Thick band of fibrous tissue below the aortic valve Atrial septal defect = Shunting of blood from left to right atria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the narrowing caused by subaortic stenosis?

    <p>Increased intracardiac pressure leading to ventricular hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrinous pericarditis is usually caused by pyogenic bacteria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical sign of Tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of large amounts of fluid within the pericardial sac causes ______ of the heart.

    <p>cardiac tamponade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following species with their common congenital heart defects:

    <p>Dogs = Patent ductus arteriosus Cats = Ventricular septal defect Pigs = Subaortic stenosis Cows = Persistent right aortic arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these conditions is characterized by defects in large blood vessels?

    <p>Persistent right aortic arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Valvular hematocysts in young ruminants cause significant clinical signs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common factor that leads to myocardial infarction in cases of subaortic stenosis?

    <p>Turbulent blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Incomplete development of the ______ leads to a ventricular septal defect.

    <p>ventricular septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed of dog is most commonly associated with Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)?

    <p>Doberman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Feline endocardial fibroelastosis typically leads to excessive myocardial damage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary histological change observed in canine hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

    <p>Replacement of myocytes with fibrous tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dogs, DCM is typically diagnosed in animals aged __________ years.

    <p>5 to 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their associated descriptions:

    <p>Hemangiosarcoma = Neoplasm common in the right atrium of dogs Bovine lymphoma = Lymphoma caused by bovine leukemia virus Feline endocardial fibroelastosis = Diffuse endocardial thickening Atrial thrombosis = Turbulent blood flow due to regurgitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the media layer of blood vessels play?

    <p>Propels blood in larger arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heart murmurs may be detectable in the presence of left AV valve dysfunction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition predominates in dogs but is less common in cats regarding cardiomyopathy?

    <p>Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of endocarditis involving the left AV or aortic valves?

    <p>Infarction of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ thickening in feline endocardial fibroelastosis impairs chamber dilation.

    <p>endocardial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myocardial necrosis can be caused by both nutritional deficiencies and toxicities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their associated implications:

    <p>Histological examination = Confirms diagnosis post-mortem Chylothorax = Compression of the thoracic duct in cats Cardiac tamponade = Result of neoplasm rupture Progressive congestive heart failure = Common in human DCM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of myocardial necrosis in animals?

    <p>Deficiency of vitamin E/selenium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a commonly observed outcome of left ventricular dysfunction?

    <p>Atrial dilatation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pieces of vegetations can break off from the heart, resulting in multiple septic _____ .

    <p>emboli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the heart conditions to their common causes:

    <p>Myocardial necrosis = Nutritional deficiencies / toxic substances Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy = Idiopathic or secondary to other conditions Endocarditis = Circulating bacteria Coronary artery thrombosis = Atherosclerotic plaque rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The predominant cause of human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in athletes is often anabolic steroid usage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of heart tumor is most commonly associated with hemangiosarcoma in dogs?

    <p>Right atrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agents is most commonly associated with cardiac muscle necrosis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cardiac myocytes have the ability to regenerate following injury.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neoplastic diseases of the heart can either be intrinsic or __________.

    <p>extrinsic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to the development of atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>High LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, and diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the right AV or pulmonary valves are affected, _____ abscessation is most common.

    <p>pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the animal with the heart lesions commonly observed due to vitamin E/selenium deficiency:

    <p>Lambs = Right ventricle Calves = Left ventricle Pigs = Hemopericardium Ruminants = Fibrin-containing pericardial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a cardiotoxin?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Daily aspirin can reduce the size of the thrombus in response to plaque rupture.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common heart condition in cats can be secondary to hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute myocardial necrosis is characterized by pale streaks throughout the _____ .

    <p>muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is the single most common cause of human death in rich countries?

    <p>Coronary artery thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasitic infection is associated with lymphatic filariasis in humans?

    <p>Wuchereria bancrofti</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hepatic fibrosis is a leading cause of death in individuals affected by chronic liver disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by chronic swelling leading to fibrosis and hyperkeratosis in lymphatic filariasis?

    <p>elephantiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Damage to the thoracic duct in cats may result in _________.

    <p>chylothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of blood vessel lesions with their descriptions:

    <p>Hematoma = Local collection of blood due to trauma Hemangioma = Benign tumor of blood vessels in the skin Hemangiosarcoma = Highly malignant tumor that can rupture and cause sudden death Lymphangiosarcoma = Malignant tumor originating from lymphatic endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common result of phlebitis in newborn animals?

    <p>Omphalophlebitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deep vein thrombosis is primarily symptomatic in humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common bacterial cause of intestinal lymphangitis in New Zealand?

    <p>Mycobacterium avium subs paratuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mechanism behind ________ thrombosis is often associated with hypercoagulable blood or reduced movement.

    <p>venous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of emboli becoming lodged in pulmonary arteries?

    <p>Pulmonary infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of hemopericardium in dogs?

    <p>Rupture of a right atrial hemangiosarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrinous pericarditis can develop in cats with feline infectious peritonitis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is referred to as 'pulpy kidney'?

    <p>Enterotoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency in pigs can result in __________ heart disease.

    <p>mulberry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their associated causes:

    <p>Fibrinous pericarditis = Infections such as Haemophilus parasuis Enterotoxemia = Clostridium perfringens type D Valvular endocardiosis = Degeneration of valvular collagen Atrial thrombosis = Non-laminar blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals is predominantly affected by enterotoxemia?

    <p>Sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jet lesions are a valuable post-mortem indicator of valvular dysfunction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of congestive heart failure in old dogs?

    <p>Valvular endocardiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood leaks within the pericardial sac can be due to __________ injury.

    <p>penetrating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the disease with its characteristic feature:

    <p>Valvular endocarditis = Adherent large yellow-gray rough nodules Endocardial mineralization = Localized areas caused by blood reflux Atrial thrombosis = Secondary to cardiomyopathy Fibrinous pericarditis = Fibrin leakage from blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of thrombus primarily develops in cats and dogs?

    <p>Atrial thrombus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Idiopathic hemopericardium is common in horses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of significant endocardiosis in dogs?

    <p>Congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial dilation can result from __________ flow due to valvular insufficiency.

    <p>backward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of endocarditis in production animals?

    <p>Bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process can lead to an aneurysm in animals?

    <p>Reduced arterial wall strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Copper deficiency leads to the development of aortic aneurysms in pigs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical name for hindlimb infarction due to emboli from an atrial thrombus?

    <p>saddle embolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thrombosis is the development of an intravascular __________.

    <p>blood clot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their causes:

    <p>Atherosclerosis = Lipid deposition in intima Fibrinoid necrosis = Vitamin E/selenium deficiency Aneurysms = Reduced arterial wall strength Arterial calcification = Chronic renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can cause arterial rupture?

    <p>Trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marfan’s disease is associated with increased arterial elastin production.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a common cause of thromboembolism in animals.

    <p>migrating Strongylus vulgaris parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical signs due to an aneurysm may occur due to __________ of surrounding organs.

    <p>compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of aortic aneurysms in humans?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endothelial damage alone is responsible for thrombosis in both humans and animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when the pericardial sac fills with blood due to arterial rupture?

    <p>cardiac tamponade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ disease is caused by vitamin E/selenium deficiency in pigs.

    <p>Mulberry heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of animals are commonly affected by atherosclerosis?

    <p>Hypothyroid dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Modified blood flow is not a significant risk factor for thrombosis in animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary infectious agent responsible for Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)?

    <p>Feline enteric coronavirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    FIP is an infectious disease that can easily spread from one cat to another.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two forms of FIP based on clinical features?

    <p>wet/effusive and dry/non-effusive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erysipelothrix infection in pigs can lead to __________, which presents as 'diamond skin disease'.

    <p>septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their characteristics:

    <p>FIP = Caused by feline enteric coronavirus, leads to vasculitis Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) = Caused by ovine herpesvirus-2, lymphocytic inflammation Strongylus vulgaris = Causes localized arteritis in horses Dirofilaria immitis = Common parasitic cause of arteritis in dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common form of involvement in FIP?

    <p>Pulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive Rivalta test is definitive for the diagnosis of FIP.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious change in behavior may be observed in cattle suffering from MCF?

    <p>Increased aggression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Feline infectious peritonitis leads to __________ damage and generalized vasculitis.

    <p>endothelial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of high serum globulins indicate in cats with FIP?

    <p>Polyclonal gammopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The worldwide prevalence of schistosomiasis is lower than that of heartworm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which animal is malignant catarrhal fever primarily observed?

    <p>Cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fluid from a cat with FIP is typically __________ to slightly-turbid and yellow.

    <p>clear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection commonly causes localized arteritis in horses?

    <p>Strongylus vulgaris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do small numbers of cells and a purple background in fluid analysis from an FIP cat indicate?

    <p>High protein content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases

    • Understanding cardiovascular disease pathogenesis is crucial for diagnosis and treatment.
    • Key components include anatomy, blood flow, heart injury responses, lab changes, congenital deformity pathophysiology, and blood flow dynamics.

    Importance of the Cardiovascular System

    • Cardiovascular system functions continuously, pumping blood approximately every second.
    • Minor dysfunction can lead to mortality; diseases account for high morbidity and mortality rates, particularly in Western populations.
    • Cardiovascular diseases are less common in animals, mainly due to lower incidences of serum lipid abnormalities and hypertension.

    Heart Structure and Function

    • The heart consists of two sides: left (oxygenated blood from lungs) and right (deoxygenated blood from body), each further divided into atria and ventricles.
    • Systemic circulation operates at higher pressure than pulmonary circulation due to extensive capillary beds.
    • Four valves ensure unidirectional blood flow: aortic, left atrioventricular, pulmonary, and right atrioventricular.

    Heart Histology

    • The heart has three layers: endocardium (innermost), myocardium (muscle), and epicardium (outer).
    • Coronary arteries supply myocardium, which consists of rich capillary networks; cardiac muscle relies heavily on oxidative metabolism.

    Heart Response to Injury

    • Damaged cardiac myocytes cannot regenerate; healing occurs through scar tissue, which reduces elasticity and contractility.
    • Heart compensates via mechanisms like increased heart rate, myocyte hypertrophy, and blood volume redistribution.
    • Congestive heart failure (CHF) occurs when compensatory mechanisms are inadequate, leading to marked dilation and cardiac decompensation.

    Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

    • Two types of CHF: left-sided (most commonly due to left AV/aortic valve dysfunction) and right-sided (secondary to pulmonary issues).
    • Left CHF leads to pulmonary edema from blood accumulation in pulmonary circulation, resulting in fluid leakage.
    • Right CHF causes systemic blood pooling, often presenting as peritoneal (ascites) or pleural edema (hydrothorax), with liver congestion leading to 'Nutmeg' liver appearance.

    Changes in Heart Size

    • Physiologic hypertrophy occurs in athletes without causing pathology.
    • Pathologic hypertrophy may arise from primary myocardial disorders or as a compensatory response to other diseases.

    Laboratory Diagnosis of Heart Disease

    • Creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels rise following cardiac myocyte necrosis, although typically insufficient for isolated heart disease detection.
    • proBNP test aids in diagnosing heart disease; elevated levels suggest heart failure, particularly in dogs and cats.

    Congenital Heart Disorders

    • Commonly observed in young animals; congenital defects can be heritable and lead to turbulent blood flow.
    • Notable congenital defects include patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, and ventricular septal defect, with characteristic hemodynamics.

    Heart Valve Development Abnormalities

    • Pulmonic and subaortic stenosis lead to increased intracardiac pressure and secondary hypertrophy.
    • Congenital valvular malformations may affect valve patency and function.

    Pericardial Disease

    • Inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis) is often due to bacterial infection, classified as purulent or fibrinous.
    • Cardiac tamponade occurs when fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac restricts heart filling and reduces stroke volume.

    General Considerations on Blood Flow

    • Turbulent or slowed blood flow poses significant risks, including embolism or hemorrhage, which can lead to serious health implications.### Fibrinous Pericarditis and Related Conditions
    • Large aggregates of fibrin can attach to pericardial surfaces, leading to the "bread-and-butter heart" appearance.
    • Maturation and contraction of fibrin cause heart constriction, leading to inadequate filling and possible heart failure.
    • Common infections causing fibrinous pericarditis include:
      • Haemophilus parasuis (pigs, Glasser’s disease)
      • Streptococcus sp. (horses)
      • Haemophilus somnus (cattle)
      • Feline infectious peritonitis can also cause fibrinous pericarditis.
    • Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency in pigs leads to oxidative damage in myocardial blood vessels, causing blood leakage and mulberry heart disease.
    • Hemopericardium refers to blood presence within the pericardial sac, common due to:
      • Right atrial hemangiosarcoma rupture in dogs.
      • Aorta rupture in pigs and horses.
      • Rare cases involve penetrating wounds.

    Enterotoxemia

    • Primarily affects sheep and is caused by Clostridium perfringens type D, leading to significant vascular damage and fibrin leakage.
    • Diagnosis may be suggested by a large fibrin clot observed in the pericardium.

    Endocardial Disease

    Endocardial Mineralization

    • Common in cattle due to chronic diseases like Johne’s disease.
    • Localized mineralization occurs from blood reflux due to valvular insufficiency, identified as ‘jet lesions’ in canines.

    Valvular Endocardiosis

    • Common in older dogs, resulting from collagen degeneration, leading to congestive heart failure (CHF).
    • Mostly affects the left atrioventricular (AV) valve, leading to potential regurgitation and heart murmurs.

    Atrial Thrombosis

    • Thrombi usually develop in the atrium due to turbulent blood flow and can be caused by cardiomyopathy.
    • Sudden death can occur from large atrial thrombi impairing heart function, with smaller emboli causing distal infarctions.

    Endocarditis

    • Frequently bacterial, causing valvular lesions, particularly on the valves, resulting in nodular vegetations that impair valve function.
    • Inflammation can lead to septic emboli, with left AV or aortic valve infections leading to heart or kidney infarctions.

    Myocardial Disease

    • Myocardial necrosis can result from toxic substances or nutritional deficiencies (e.g., Vitamin E/Selenium).
    • Notable cardiotoxins include ionophores and doxorubicin.
    • Necrosis often presents with fibrin-containing pericardial fluid.
    • Long-standing lesions can develop marked chalky appearances, especially in papillary muscles.

    Cardiomyopathy

    • Degenerative conditions of the heart impacting function and blood flow, potentially leading to sudden death or CHF.
    • Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is prevalent in male cats around 4 years of age, often diagnosed post-mortem.
    • Canine HCM is less common, typically presenting in large breeds.
    • Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) frequently occurs in large-breed dogs and is associated with congestive heart failure.

    Neoplastic Diseases of the Heart

    • Neoplasms within the heart include hemangiosarcomas, typically in the right atrium, leading to hemopericardium and poor prognosis.
    • Bovine leukemia virus commonly causes lymphoma within the heart of cattle, resulting in CHF due to myocardial infiltration.

    Vascular System Overview

    • Comprises arteries, veins, and lymphatics with three layers: intima, media, and adventitia.
    • Endothelial cells prevent clotting, and damage to these cells can trigger clot formation.

    Arterial Disease

    Aneurysms and Ruptures

    • An aneurysm is an arterial wall outpouching, resulting from compromised wall strength.
    • Copper deficiency in pigs can lead to aortic aneurysms.
    • Symptoms of aneurysms are often sudden and fatal, with clinical signs of compression being rare.
    • Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of aortic aneurysms in humans, while syphilis was historically significant.### Arterial Rupture
    • Commonly occurs due to trauma; spontaneous rupture observed in horses and pigs during exercise.
    • Proximal aorta rupture within the pericardial sac is most frequent, leading to rapid death often from cardiac tamponade.
    • Inflamed or neoplastic regions surrounding arteries can also cause rupture.
    • Guttural pouch mycosis in horses can lead to internal carotid artery rupture and sudden death.

    Thrombosis and Embolism

    • Thrombosis is the formation of an intravascular blood clot influenced by endothelial damage, turbulent blood flow, and hypercoagulable states.
    • In animals, thrombi often form due to altered blood flow from heart shape changes, valvular damage, or congestive heart failure.
    • Thrombi commonly develop in the atria; emboli can cause myocardial infarction or renal infarction.
    • Affected cats may experience "saddle embolus," leading to hindlimb infarction and acute paresis.

    Arterial Degeneration and Necrosis

    • Atherosclerosis, fat deposition in arterial intima, primarily affects hypothyroid dogs and some other species but doesn't cause clinical signs.
    • Arterial calcification commonly appears in debilitated cattle, leading to characteristic aorta changes seen as non-collapsible pipes.
    • Fibrinoid necrosis primarily affects pigs and chickens due to vitamin E/selenium deficiency, causing hemorrhage and edema.

    Arteritis

    • Arteritis arises from endothelial cell damage, notably from septicemia.
    • Erysipelothrix infection in pigs leads to septicemia and skin lesions known as "diamond skin disease."
    • Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is caused by a mutated coronavirus, leading to endothelial damage, vasculitis, and variable organ system involvement, mainly liver and kidneys.

    Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF)

    • Caused by ovine herpesvirus-2, it induces vasculitis in susceptible cattle, presenting with corneal edema and gastrointestinal signs.
    • Infection often occurs without sheep contact and has variable manifestations, including behavioral changes.

    Parasites Causing Vascular Disease

    • Strongylus vulgaris in horses leads to arteritis and any resultant embolism.
    • Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) is a common cause of arteritis in cats and dogs.

    Lymphatic Disease

    • Congenital abnormalities causing lymphatic malformations are rare but lead to swollen limbs.
    • Intestinal lymphangitis, particularly Johne’s disease, showcases bacterial lymphatic inflammation.

    Hematoma and Neoplastic Lesions

    • Hematomas result from trauma, encapsulated by fibrous tissue, and can mimic tumors.
    • Hemangioma occurs predominantly on the skin, while hemangiosarcoma, a highly malignant tumor, is common in older dogs, especially in the spleen and right atrium.

    Clinical Considerations

    • Early detection of embolic events is crucial for prompt intervention in affected animals.
    • Diagnosis of FIP can be difficult, especially in the dry form, often requiring histological confirmation.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and anatomy of cardiovascular diseases. Students will learn about normal heart function, responses to injury, and indicators of heart conditions through blood samples. Test your understanding of these vital concepts in cardiovascular pathology.

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