Pathology of Pneumonia Stages
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for the stage that occurs between the 2nd and 4th day?

  • Red Hepatization (correct)
  • Grey Hepatization
  • Grossly
  • Septic Bronchopneumonia

    • What is the term for the stage that occurs between the 5th and 8th day?

  • Grossly
  • Grey Hepatization (correct)
  • Red Hepatization
  • Septic Bronchopneumonia

    • What is the term for the condition characterized by inflammation of the lungs and bronchi?

  • Red Hepatization
  • Grey Hepatization
  • Septic Bronchopneumonia (correct)
  • Grossly

    • What is the term that describes the appearance of the liver in a diseased state?

    <p>Grossly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Red Hepatization and Grey Hepatization?

    <p>Red Hepatization occurs before Grey Hepatization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cell culture and animal inoculation with biopsy material?

    <p>For research purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the detection of IgM in serological diagnosis?

    <p>Active and congenital infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a rising titre in serological diagnosis?

    <p>Active infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Frenkel test?

    <p>To diagnose acute systematic toxoplasmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for congenital infection and acute systematic toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Pyrimethamine and sulphadiazine or trisulphapyrimidine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of health education for pregnant women with regard to Toxoplasma?

    <p>To prevent infection from contaminated food or drink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of malaria disease?

    <p>Plasmodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many species of Plasmodium can cause malaria in humans?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the infective stage of Plasmodium transmitted through a female anopheles mosquito bite?

    <p>Sporozoite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of the exo-erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium in humans?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of humans in the life cycle of Plasmodium?

    <p>Intermediate host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to some merozoites in the liver cells?

    <p>They develop into hypnozoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of the parasite that feeds on red blood cell haemoglobin?

    <p>Trophozoite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cycle that occurs in the female anopheles mosquito?

    <p>Sexual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the form of Leishmania that is infective to humans?

    <p>Promastigote form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Leishmania tropica?

    <p>Bite of an infected female sand fly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the ulcer in the second stage of Leishmania tropica infection?

    <p>It becomes indurated with a red zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic stage of Leishmania in chronic cases?

    <p>Promastigote form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for early non-inflamed lesions of Leishmania tropica?

    <p>Intra-lesional injection of pentavalent antimonial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of local application of heat in the treatment of Leishmania tropica?

    <p>To kill the parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended dose of systemic pentavalent antimonial for Leishmania tropica?

    <p>20 mg/kg/day for 10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of controlling Leishmania tropica?

    <p>Control of sand flies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the red blood cells that contain the schizont?

    <p>They release merozoites which invade new red cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the male and female gametocytes in the mosquito's stomach?

    <p>They develop and form sporozoites that migrate to the salivary gland of the mosquito</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of stages in a malarial paroxysm?

    <p>The cold stage, the hot stage, the sweating stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the hot stage in a malarial paroxysm?

    <p>4-6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do patients with malaria experience anaemia?

    <p>Due to the destruction of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of destroying the gametocytes in the treatment of malaria?

    <p>To prevent mosquito infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of examination of thick and thin blood films in the diagnosis of malaria?

    <p>To identify the different stages of the parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a combination of drugs often needed to treat malaria?

    <p>Because a single drug is not effective against all stages of the parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of primaquine therapy?

    <p>To prevent relapse in P.vivax and P.ovale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosage of chloroquine for emergency parental LM injection?

    <p>1.5 gm maximum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of primaquine therapy?

    <p>14 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should primaquine be given with caution to black persons?

    <p>Because of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of proguanil?

    <p>To arrest the growth of gametocytes in mosquito gut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the geographical distribution of toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Worldwide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cat in toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Both intermediate and definitive host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of Toxoplasma?

    <p>Intracellular protozoan parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Toxoplasmosis

    • Diagnosis: Direct methods rarely used; serological diagnosis detects IgM (active and congenital infection) and IgG (rising titre indicates active infection, stable/decreasing titre indicates chronic latent infection)
    • Treatment: Combo of pyrimethamine and sulphadiazine/trisulphapyrimidine for 4-6 weeks; spiramycin for 4-6 weeks; care in handling cats, proper cooking of meat, and health education for pregnant women

    Leishmaniasis

    • Life cycle: Parasite changes to promastigote form in vector, multiplies, and migrates to buccal cavity; when infected sand fly bites a person, it regurgitates promastigotes into skin
    • Transmission: Biological transmission by infective female sand fly; mechanical transmission by contact with ulcerated lesions
    • Symptoms: Small red papule at bite site, ulceration, and healing within 2 months to 1 year
    • Diagnosis: Microscopic examination of smears from ulcer edge reveals amastigote form
    • Treatment: Intra-lesional injection of pentavalent antimonial or 5% mepacrine; systematic pentavalent drug for inflamed/ulcerated lesions, lymphatic involvement, or multiple lesions
    • Control: Treatment of patients, control of sand flies, and health education

    Malaria

    • Causative agent: Plasmodium (four species: vivax, ovale, malariae, and falciparum)
    • Transmission: Bite of female anopheles mosquito, blood transfusion, and congenital infection
    • Life cycle:
      • Asexual cycle (schizogony) in man: exo-erythrocytic cycle (liver phase) and erythrocytic cycle (blood cycle)
      • Sexual cycle in female anopheles mosquito
    • Symptoms: Malaria paroxysms (cold, hot, and sweating stages), anaemia, and enlarged spleen and liver
    • Diagnosis: Clinical picture, laboratory diagnosis (thick and thin blood film), and serological diagnosis
    • Treatment: Chloroquine, quinine sulphate, primaquine, and proguanil (arrests growth of gametocytes in mosquito gut)
    • Control: Mosquito control, treatment of patients, and chemoprophylaxis of healthy humans entering endemic areas

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    Description

    Identify the different stages of pneumonia, including Red Hepatization and Grey Hepatization, and their corresponding timelines. Understand the gross pathology of Septic Bronchopneumonia.

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