Pathology of Dysplasia

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma?

The uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation

The presence of dysplastic cells in the epithelium

The ability of tumor cells to cross the basement membrane (correct)

The presence of mitotic figures in the subepithelial stroma

Which of the following is a characteristic of dysplastic cells?

Uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation

Low nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio

Pleomorphism and large hyperchromatic nuclei (correct)

Orderly differentiation of squamous cells

What is the term for dysplastic changes that involve the full thickness of the epithelium?

Carcinoma in situ (correct)

Benign tumor

Invasive carcinoma

Malignant transformation

What is the significance of early detection and screening programs for in situ carcinoma?

It increases detection and survival rate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sites is commonly associated with dysplasia?

Cervix Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of macrophages in tumor development?

Stimulating angiogenesis and facilitating tissue remodeling Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of interactions between tumor cells and the extracellular matrix?

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition and migration of tumor cells Signup and view all the answers

What is anaplasia associated with?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a malignant tumor?

Loss of differentiation and anaplasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cell-cell interactions and cell-stromal interactions in tumor development?

Migration and invasion of tumor cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of benign tumors in terms of their spread?

They remain localized and do not spread to other sites Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a tumor that has a range of ploidy and exhibits nuclear variation in size and shape?

Malignant tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the suffix attached to the name of the cell type to form the name of a benign tumor?

-oma Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of malignant tumors in terms of their structural differentiation?

Structural differentiation shows a wide range of changes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a tumor that has a localized growth but exhibits nuclear variation in size and shape?

Carcinoma in situ Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Dysplasia

Definition: Loss of uniformity of individual cells and loss of their architectural orientation
May be a precursor to malignant transformation
Characteristics:
- Pleomorphism and large hyperchromatic nuclei with a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
- Mitotic figures are more abundant than in normal tissue and may be seen at all levels, including surface epithelial cells
Can range from mild to severe (in-situ) and occur in various sites such as cervix, bladder, breast, and others
Does not always progress to cancer

Carcinoma in Situ

Definition: Marked dysplastic changes involving the full thickness of the epithelium, limited to the basement membrane
Characteristics:
- Atypical dysplastic cells replace the entire thickness of the epithelium
- No orderly differentiation of squamous cells
- Basement membrane is intact, and there is no tumor in the subepithelial stroma
Early detection and screening programs increase detection of in situ carcinoma and increase survival rate

Cellular Interactions

Cell-cell interactions
Cell-stromal interactions with the basement membrane
Interaction of tumor cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)
These interactions result in epithelial mesenchymal and stromal transition of tumor cells, their migration, invasion, and dissemination to distant organs

Differentiation

Definition: Extent to which neoplastic tumor cells resemble the corresponding normal parenchymal cells, both morphologically and functionally
Characteristics of a malignant cells/anaplasia:
- Loss of differentiation
- Pleomorphism nuclear and cellular
- Increased nuclear cytoplasmic ratio
- Hyperchromasia
- Increased mitosis and abnormal mitosis
- Loss of polarity

Classification of Tumors

Based on biological behavior and morphologic characteristics
Divided into:
- Benign tumor
- Malignant tumor

Components of Neoplasm

Neoplastic cells: cells that form the tumor parenchyma
Reactive stroma: the connective tissue, blood vessels, and cells of the immune system

Benign Tumor

Definition: A tumor is benign when:
- Tumors gross and microscopic appearances are innocent
- Remain localized and will not spread to other sites
- Local surgical removal is possible
Patient generally survives
Benign tumors are attached the suffix "-oma" to the name of the cell type from which the tumor originates (e.g. fibroma, chondroma, lipoma)

Malignant Tumors

Referred collectively as cancer
Characteristics:
- Gross and microscopic appearances are aggressive
- Invade and destroy adjacent structures
- Spread to distant sites (metastasis)

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Assess your knowledge of dysplasia, a precursor to malignant transformation, and its characteristics in various tissues and sites.