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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'pathogenesis' refer to?
Which of the following is NOT considered a predisposing factor for disease?
Which aspect of pathology refers to the observable characteristics that can be seen or measured?
What distinguishes a medical sign from a symptom?
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Which of the following best describes 'etiology' in pathology?
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Which type of changes does 'gross picture' in pathology specifically refer to?
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In the context of pathology, what is meant by 'complications'?
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What is typically the focus of the prognosis aspect of a disease?
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What is the primary result of reversible cell injury in cells?
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What causes mitochondrial damage leading to cell injury?
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Which mechanism triggers apoptosis in cells?
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What is the characteristic appearance of the liver in fatty change due to cell injury?
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Which type of cell injury is characterized by small, clear vacuoles within the cytoplasm?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of cell injury?
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What indicates the transition from reversible to irreversible cell injury?
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Which mechanism primarily causes damage to cellular components through the influx of calcium?
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Study Notes
Objectives of Cell Injury Study
- Understand general principles, terminology, and basic concepts of pathology.
- Identify mechanisms and types of cell injury.
- Enumerate causes of cell injury.
- Describe morphological changes associated with cell injury.
Pathology Overview
- Pathology investigates the nature, causes, effects, and consequences of diseases.
- Key aspects include:
- Etiology or cause
- Pathogenesis
- Morphologic Changes
- Clinical Manifestations
- Prognosis
- Fate
- Complications
Etiology of Disease
- Predisposing Factors: Cold weather, low socioeconomic status, malnutrition, extremes of age.
- Determining Factors: Infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi.
- Physical Causes: Excess heat or cold, irradiation.
- Chemical Causes: Concentrated acids, alkalis, toxins, drugs.
- Genetic Factors: Chromosomal abnormalities leading to disease.
- Immune-Mediated Factors: Hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune diseases.
Pathogenesis
- Refers to mechanisms of disease development and progression; chain of events leading to a disease.
Morphologic Changes
- Gross Picture: Visible characteristics to the naked eye (macroscopic picture).
- Microscopic Picture: Detailed histopathological examination.
Clinical Manifestations
- Signs: Objective indications detected by a physician during physical examination.
- Symptoms: Subjective experiences reported by patients, e.g., fatigue.
- Complications: Unfavorable consequences of a disease, e.g., liver cirrhosis leading to liver cell failure.
Prognosis and Fate
- Prognosis: Prediction of probable disease outcomes.
- Fate: Final result of disease, may include cure, death, progression/regression, or complications.
Cell Injury Mechanisms
- Occurs when cells are exposed to stress, leading to reversible or irreversible changes.
- Causes include: genetic, physical, chemical, biological, hypoxia, nutritional, and immunological factors.
Mechanisms of Cell Injury
- Mitochondrial Damage: Leads to ATP depletion and failure of energy-dependent cellular functions.
- Calcium Influx: Activates enzymes that damage cellular components.
- Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation: Modifies proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
- Increased Membrane Permeability: Affects plasma, lysosomal, and mitochondrial membranes.
- Accumulation of Damaged DNA: Triggers apoptosis.
Reversible Cell Injury
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Cellular Swelling: Also known as hydropic change, characterized by:
- Failure of ion pumps in plasma membrane.
- Inability to maintain ionic and fluid homeostasis.
- Microscopic examination reveals small, clear vacuoles in cytoplasm.
-
Fatty Change (Steatosis):
- Occurs during hypoxic or metabolic injuries.
- Characterized by presence of lipid vacuoles in cells (especially hepatocytes).
- Gross appearance includes enlarged, yellow liver with pale yellow, greasy cut surfaces.
Irreversible Cell Injury
- Develops from severe damage after a phase of reversible cell injury.
- Main causes of cell death include:
- Membrane rupture.
- Autolysis by lysosomal enzymes.
- Example: Normal kidney tubules exhibit viable epithelial cells, whereas damaged cells progress towards death.
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Description
Explore the key concepts and mechanisms of cell injury in this Level 3 Pathology course. This quiz focuses on the general principles and terminology that are critical for understanding pathology. Prepare to identify different types and causes of cell injury.
