Pathology Lecture: Ischemia and Oedema
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Questions and Answers

What is ischemia?

  • Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue or serous membranes
  • Cut off arterial blood supply (correct)
  • A type of infection
  • A type of tumor
  • What is the main difference between acute and chronic ischemia?

  • Degree of organ vascularity
  • Duration of ischemia (correct)
  • Location of ischemia
  • Type of artery affected
  • What can cause acute ischemia?

  • Thrombus
  • Embolus
  • All of the above (correct)
  • End arteritis obliterans
  • What is a factor that affects the fate of ischemia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of chronic ischemia?

    <p>Degeneration and fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is oedema?

    <p>Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue or serous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effect of ischemia on CNS tissues?

    <p>They are sensitive to hypoxia and rapidly undergo necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can worsen the effect of ischemia?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of localized oedema in cases of venous obstruction?

    <p>Increase in hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased aldosterone level on oedema?

    <p>It promotes Na and water retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fluid that accumulates in localized inflammatory oedema?

    <p>Exudates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of decreased osmotic pressure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for oedema that occurs due to lymphatic obstruction?

    <p>Lymphatic oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of generalized oedema?

    <p>Right sided heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for oedema that occurs due to increased capillary permeability?

    <p>Inflammatory oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of localized oedema due to compression from outside by gravid uterus and tumors?

    <p>Obstructive venous oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ischemia

    • Ischemia is a cut off of arterial blood supply
    • Types of ischemia:
      • Acute ischemia: sudden and complete obstruction of an artery
      • Chronic ischemia: gradual and incomplete occlusion of an artery
    • Causes of acute ischemia:
      • Atherosclerosis
      • Thrombus
      • Embolus
      • Surgical ligature
      • Ergot poisoning leading to arterial spasm
      • Twisting of vessels
      • Forest bite
      • Compression from outside (e.g. enlarged lymph node, gravid uterus, and tumors)
    • Causes of chronic ischemia:
      • End arteritis obliterans (e.g. in syphilis)
    • Factors affecting the fate of ischemia:
      • Type of ischemia (acute or chronic)
      • Degree of organ vascularity (number of arterial blood supply and efficiency of collaterals and anastomosis)
      • Vulnerability of tissue to hypoxia (e.g. CNS tissues are very sensitive to hypoxia)
      • Oxygen concentration in blood (e.g. anemia)

    Oedema

    • Oedema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue or serous membranes
    • Mechanism:
      • Increased hydrostatic pressure
      • Decreased osmotic (oncotic) pressure
      • Increased capillary permeability
      • Lymphatic obstruction
      • Na and water retention
    • Causes of oedema:
      • Increased hydrostatic pressure:
        • Localized: venous obstruction
        • Generalized: right-sided heart failure
      • Decreased osmotic (oncotic) pressure:
        • Decreased protein intake
        • Liver diseases
        • Proteinuria
      • Increased capillary permeability:
        • Inflammation
        • Hypoxia
        • Exposure to toxins and certain chemicals
      • Lymphatic obstruction:
        • Congenital lymphatic hypoplasia
        • Inflammatory (e.g. filariasis) or nonspecific lymphadenitis and lymphangitis
        • Fibrosis (post-inflammatory or post-irradiation)
        • Tumor emboli
        • Compression from outside (e.g. tumors)
        • Surgical removal of lymphatics (e.g. modified radical mastectomy)
      • Na and water retention:
        • Increased aldosterone level (e.g. right-sided heart failure)
    • Types of oedema:
      • Generalized:
        • Renal
        • Cardiac
        • Nutritional
      • Localized:
        • Inflammatory
        • Venous
        • Lymphatic

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    Description

    This lecture covers the types of ischemia, including acute and chronic ischemia, and their causes such as atherosclerosis and thrombus. It is taught by Dr. Fatma Samir at the Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University.

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