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Questions and Answers
What is ischemia?
What is ischemia?
- Abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue or serous membranes
- Cut off arterial blood supply (correct)
- A type of infection
- A type of tumor
What is the main difference between acute and chronic ischemia?
What is the main difference between acute and chronic ischemia?
- Degree of organ vascularity
- Duration of ischemia (correct)
- Location of ischemia
- Type of artery affected
What can cause acute ischemia?
What can cause acute ischemia?
- Thrombus
- Embolus
- All of the above (correct)
- End arteritis obliterans
What is a factor that affects the fate of ischemia?
What is a factor that affects the fate of ischemia?
What is the result of chronic ischemia?
What is the result of chronic ischemia?
What is oedema?
What is oedema?
What is an effect of ischemia on CNS tissues?
What is an effect of ischemia on CNS tissues?
What can worsen the effect of ischemia?
What can worsen the effect of ischemia?
What is the primary cause of localized oedema in cases of venous obstruction?
What is the primary cause of localized oedema in cases of venous obstruction?
What is the effect of increased aldosterone level on oedema?
What is the effect of increased aldosterone level on oedema?
What is the term for the fluid that accumulates in localized inflammatory oedema?
What is the term for the fluid that accumulates in localized inflammatory oedema?
What is a common cause of decreased osmotic pressure?
What is a common cause of decreased osmotic pressure?
What is the term for oedema that occurs due to lymphatic obstruction?
What is the term for oedema that occurs due to lymphatic obstruction?
What is a common cause of generalized oedema?
What is a common cause of generalized oedema?
What is the term for oedema that occurs due to increased capillary permeability?
What is the term for oedema that occurs due to increased capillary permeability?
What is the cause of localized oedema due to compression from outside by gravid uterus and tumors?
What is the cause of localized oedema due to compression from outside by gravid uterus and tumors?
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Study Notes
Ischemia
- Ischemia is a cut off of arterial blood supply
- Types of ischemia:
- Acute ischemia: sudden and complete obstruction of an artery
- Chronic ischemia: gradual and incomplete occlusion of an artery
- Causes of acute ischemia:
- Atherosclerosis
- Thrombus
- Embolus
- Surgical ligature
- Ergot poisoning leading to arterial spasm
- Twisting of vessels
- Forest bite
- Compression from outside (e.g. enlarged lymph node, gravid uterus, and tumors)
- Causes of chronic ischemia:
- End arteritis obliterans (e.g. in syphilis)
- Factors affecting the fate of ischemia:
- Type of ischemia (acute or chronic)
- Degree of organ vascularity (number of arterial blood supply and efficiency of collaterals and anastomosis)
- Vulnerability of tissue to hypoxia (e.g. CNS tissues are very sensitive to hypoxia)
- Oxygen concentration in blood (e.g. anemia)
Oedema
- Oedema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissue or serous membranes
- Mechanism:
- Increased hydrostatic pressure
- Decreased osmotic (oncotic) pressure
- Increased capillary permeability
- Lymphatic obstruction
- Na and water retention
- Causes of oedema:
- Increased hydrostatic pressure:
- Localized: venous obstruction
- Generalized: right-sided heart failure
- Decreased osmotic (oncotic) pressure:
- Decreased protein intake
- Liver diseases
- Proteinuria
- Increased capillary permeability:
- Inflammation
- Hypoxia
- Exposure to toxins and certain chemicals
- Lymphatic obstruction:
- Congenital lymphatic hypoplasia
- Inflammatory (e.g. filariasis) or nonspecific lymphadenitis and lymphangitis
- Fibrosis (post-inflammatory or post-irradiation)
- Tumor emboli
- Compression from outside (e.g. tumors)
- Surgical removal of lymphatics (e.g. modified radical mastectomy)
- Na and water retention:
- Increased aldosterone level (e.g. right-sided heart failure)
- Increased hydrostatic pressure:
- Types of oedema:
- Generalized:
- Renal
- Cardiac
- Nutritional
- Localized:
- Inflammatory
- Venous
- Lymphatic
- Generalized:
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