Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of dysplastic epithelium?
What is the primary characteristic of dysplastic epithelium?
- Loss of uniformity in the size and shape of individual cells (correct)
- Increase in the number of cell layers
- Presence of inflammatory cells
- Uniformity in the size and shape of individual cells
What is typically seen in the nuclei of dysplastic cells?
What is typically seen in the nuclei of dysplastic cells?
- Hypochromatic and small nuclei
- Hyperchromatic and large nuclei (correct)
- Pycnotic and irregularly-shaped nuclei
- Euchromatic and medium-sized nuclei
What is the significance of mitotic figures in dysplastic epithelium?
What is the significance of mitotic figures in dysplastic epithelium?
- They are limited to the surface cells
- They are unusually abundant and may appear in abnormal locations (correct)
- They are present only in the basal layers
- They are absent or rare
What is the grading of dysplasia based on?
What is the grading of dysplasia based on?
What is the prognosis of mild to moderate dysplasia?
What is the prognosis of mild to moderate dysplasia?
What is carcinoma in situ?
What is carcinoma in situ?
What is the characteristic of invasive carcinoma?
What is the characteristic of invasive carcinoma?
What is the relationship between dysplasia and cancer?
What is the relationship between dysplasia and cancer?
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes benign tumors from malignant tumors?
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes benign tumors from malignant tumors?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of benign tumors?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of benign tumors?
Which of the following is a definitive criterion of malignancy?
Which of the following is a definitive criterion of malignancy?
Which of the following types of tumors are less likely to metastasize?
Which of the following types of tumors are less likely to metastasize?
What is the term used to describe the destructive invasiveness of basal cell carcinomas?
What is the term used to describe the destructive invasiveness of basal cell carcinomas?
Why is surgical resection of cancers often difficult?
Why is surgical resection of cancers often difficult?
During surgery, what is often removed adjacent to the tumor?
During surgery, what is often removed adjacent to the tumor?
What is a characteristic of a breast mass that makes it suspicious for malignancy?
What is a characteristic of a breast mass that makes it suspicious for malignancy?
What is the primary cavity affected by peritoneal seeding?
What is the primary cavity affected by peritoneal seeding?
Which type of cancers is most likely to involve the pleural cavity?
Which type of cancers is most likely to involve the pleural cavity?
What is the Sentinel lymph node?
What is the Sentinel lymph node?
What is the typical pathway for the initial dissemination of carcinomas?
What is the typical pathway for the initial dissemination of carcinomas?
What is the reason why veins are more readily penetrated than arteries during hematogenous spread?
What is the reason why veins are more readily penetrated than arteries during hematogenous spread?
What is the most frequent site of metastases in hematogenous spread?
What is the most frequent site of metastases in hematogenous spread?
Which pathway is probably the cause of frequent vertebral (bone) metastases of carcinomas of the thyroid and prostate?
Which pathway is probably the cause of frequent vertebral (bone) metastases of carcinomas of the thyroid and prostate?
What is the outcome of serous membrane involvement by metastases?
What is the outcome of serous membrane involvement by metastases?
Study Notes
Dysplasia
- Dysplasia refers to disorderly proliferation of cells, characterized by loss of uniformity in individual cells and their architectural orientation.
- Typically occurs in epithelial membranes, such as squamous epithelium of the cervix uteri, skin, and metaplastic bronchial mucosa.
Characteristic Changes in Dysplasia
- Pleomorphism and loss of orientation of affected cells.
- Frequent presence of hyperchromatic and large nuclei.
- Unusually abundant mitotic figures, often in abnormal locations within the epithelium.
Grading of Dysplasia
- Mild to moderate dysplasia: dysplastic changes do not involve the entire thickness of the epithelium and may regress completely if inciting causes are removed.
- Severe dysplasia (carcinoma in situ): dysplastic changes involve the entire thickness of the epithelium.
Invasive Carcinoma
- Occurs when tumor cells move beyond the normal confines, breaching the limiting basement membrane.
- Dysplastic changes are often found adjacent to foci of invasive carcinoma, but dysplasia does not necessarily progress to cancer.
Local Invasion and Metastasis
- Invasive tumors infiltrate, invade, and destroy surrounding tissues, whereas benign tumors grow as cohesive expansile masses.
- Benign tumors remain confined to the site of origin, without invading locally or metastasizing to distant sites.
- Metastasis is the only definitive criterion of malignancy, as benign neoplasms do not metastasize.
Pathways of Spread
- A. Seeding of Body Cavities and Surfaces: cancer cells penetrate into natural "open fields", affecting cavities such as peritoneal, pleural, pericardial, and joint spaces.
- B. Lymphatic Spread: follows the natural routes of lymphatic drainage, with sentinel lymph node being the first node in a regional lymphatic basin.
- C. Hematogenous Spread: typical of sarcomas, but also seen with carcinomas, where cancer cells follow venous flow, often affecting the liver and lungs.
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Description
Learn about dysplasia, a disorderly proliferation of cells, its characteristics, and effects on epithelial membranes. Understand the changes in cell orientation and presence of hyperchromatic nuclei.
