Understanding Dysplasia in Cell Pathology

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Questions and Answers

What happens to individual cells in deep cell keratinization (dyskeratosis)?

They proliferate rapidly in the tissue

They remain intact throughout the process

They degenerate before reaching the tissue surface (correct)

They undergo rapid differentiation

What is the usual tendency when viewing dysplastic lesions?

To immediately diagnose them as cancerous

To ignore them as benign abnormalities

To consider them premalignant (correct)

To assume they will spontaneously reverse

What is the characteristic of fibro-osseous dysplasia regarding cellular abnormalities?

It shows no cellular abnormalities (correct)

It exhibits rapid cell division

It involves dyskeratosis in all cells

It has excessive intracellular adherence

How does dysplasia relate to carcinoma in situ?

Dysplastic change throughout epithelium but no invasive activity Signup and view all the answers

When can dysplasia be reversed?

If the precipitating cause is removed Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of hyperplasia in reactive hyperplasia of the liver?

Nonfunctional cells are increased Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can lead to compensatory hyperplasia in the remaining kidney?

Loss of a kidney Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would polycythemia likely occur?

Cardiac failure leading to deficient oxygenation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hyperplasia is associated with keloid skin formations?

Reactive hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of hypoplasia in an organ?

Developmental reduction in cell number Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a change in cell type from highly specialized to less specialized?

Metaplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disorder of growth results in an absolute increase in the number of cells?

Hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes hyperplasia from hypertrophy?

Increased number of cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hyperplasia is common in the glands of the breast during pregnancy?

Hormonal hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of inflammatory hyperplasia?

Proliferation of granulation cells Signup and view all the answers

Which gland may undergo hyperplasia due to a relative oversecretion of estrogen with declining testicular androgen production?

Prostate gland Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between metaplasia and hyperplasia?

Change in cell type Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the loss of cellular differentiation, characteristic of malignant cells?

Anaplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue differentiation is inappropriate to the site of origin and can lead to actively secreting gastric mucosal glands in the oesophagus?

Heterotopia Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopic feature is commonly associated with dysplasia in tissues?

Nuclear hyperchromatism Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cardiac cells when they die from ischaemia according to the text?

They are replaced by fibrous cells Signup and view all the answers

In which organ is dysplasia commonly seen along with metaplasia in smokers?

Respiratory tract Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes anaplasia from other forms of metaplasia according to the text?

Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Disordered Growth

Disordered growth can be classified into five main types: hyperplasia, hypoplasia, metaplasia, heterotopia, and dysplasia

Hyperplasia

An absolute increase in the number of cells, resulting in increased tissue mass
Usually, there is no significant change in structure or disorder of function
Not to be confused with hypertrophy, which is an increase in cell size
Types of hyperplasia:
- Hormonal (e.g., enlargement of glands in the breast at puberty, during pregnancy and lactation)
- Inflammatory (e.g., proliferation of granulation cells in chronic inflammation)
- Reactive and compensatory (e.g., nodular cirrhosis of the liver)
- Unknown cause (e.g., hyperplasia of the gingivae in response to diphenylhydantoin)

Hypoplasia

A reduction in the number of cells in an organ
May be developmental or acquired
Seen in kidney or lung where one of the pair is small and non-functional (compensatory hyperplasia in the unaffected organ)
Aplasia is a reduction to zero cells (e.g., aplastic anaemia)
Agenesis is the failure of development of an organ or part of an organ (e.g., in liver, brain, teeth)

Metaplasia

A change in cell type from highly specialized to less specialized
May be adaptive or protective
Examples:
- Nodular cirrhosis of the liver
- Fibro-osseous dysplasia (no cellular abnormalities, no tendency for malignant change)
- Keloid skin formations (in response to surgical incisions, piercings, etc.)

Heterotopia

Anomalous differentiation of tissue inappropriate to the site of origin
Examples:
- Actively secreting gastric mucosal glands in the oesophagus
- Ectopic pregnancy (fertilization of the ovum and development of the foetus outside of the uterus)

Dysplasia

Disordered proliferation of a tissue
Affects epithelia, which are normally well-defined tissues
Loss of normal uniformity: change in size, shape, or organization
Seen in:
- Uterine cervix
- Respiratory tract (especially in smokers)
- Gall bladder
- Oral cavity
Microscopic features:
- Nuclear hyperchromatism
- Nuclear pleomorphism and increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
- Increased mitosis
- Loss of polarity (especially in basal cells)

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Description

Learn about dysplasia in cell pathology, including deep cell keratinization, loss of differentiation, and intracellular adherence. Explore how dysplasia may be reversed if the precipitating cause is removed.