23 Questions
What happens to individual cells in deep cell keratinization (dyskeratosis)?
They degenerate before reaching the tissue surface
What is the usual tendency when viewing dysplastic lesions?
To consider them premalignant
What is the characteristic of fibro-osseous dysplasia regarding cellular abnormalities?
It shows no cellular abnormalities
How does dysplasia relate to carcinoma in situ?
Dysplastic change throughout epithelium but no invasive activity
When can dysplasia be reversed?
If the precipitating cause is removed
What is the main characteristic of hyperplasia in reactive hyperplasia of the liver?
Nonfunctional cells are increased
Which of the following conditions can lead to compensatory hyperplasia in the remaining kidney?
Loss of a kidney
In which scenario would polycythemia likely occur?
Cardiac failure leading to deficient oxygenation
Which type of hyperplasia is associated with keloid skin formations?
Reactive hyperplasia
What is the main feature of hypoplasia in an organ?
Developmental reduction in cell number
Which term describes a change in cell type from highly specialized to less specialized?
Metaplasia
Which type of disorder of growth results in an absolute increase in the number of cells?
Hyperplasia
What distinguishes hyperplasia from hypertrophy?
Increased number of cells
Which type of hyperplasia is common in the glands of the breast during pregnancy?
Hormonal hyperplasia
What is a characteristic of inflammatory hyperplasia?
Proliferation of granulation cells
Which gland may undergo hyperplasia due to a relative oversecretion of estrogen with declining testicular androgen production?
Prostate gland
What is the main difference between metaplasia and hyperplasia?
Change in cell type
What term describes the loss of cellular differentiation, characteristic of malignant cells?
Anaplasia
Which type of tissue differentiation is inappropriate to the site of origin and can lead to actively secreting gastric mucosal glands in the oesophagus?
Heterotopia
Which microscopic feature is commonly associated with dysplasia in tissues?
Nuclear hyperchromatism
What happens to cardiac cells when they die from ischaemia according to the text?
They are replaced by fibrous cells
In which organ is dysplasia commonly seen along with metaplasia in smokers?
Respiratory tract
What distinguishes anaplasia from other forms of metaplasia according to the text?
Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
Study Notes
Disordered Growth
- Disordered growth can be classified into five main types: hyperplasia, hypoplasia, metaplasia, heterotopia, and dysplasia
Hyperplasia
- An absolute increase in the number of cells, resulting in increased tissue mass
- Usually, there is no significant change in structure or disorder of function
- Not to be confused with hypertrophy, which is an increase in cell size
- Types of hyperplasia:
- Hormonal (e.g., enlargement of glands in the breast at puberty, during pregnancy and lactation)
- Inflammatory (e.g., proliferation of granulation cells in chronic inflammation)
- Reactive and compensatory (e.g., nodular cirrhosis of the liver)
- Unknown cause (e.g., hyperplasia of the gingivae in response to diphenylhydantoin)
Hypoplasia
- A reduction in the number of cells in an organ
- May be developmental or acquired
- Seen in kidney or lung where one of the pair is small and non-functional (compensatory hyperplasia in the unaffected organ)
- Aplasia is a reduction to zero cells (e.g., aplastic anaemia)
- Agenesis is the failure of development of an organ or part of an organ (e.g., in liver, brain, teeth)
Metaplasia
- A change in cell type from highly specialized to less specialized
- May be adaptive or protective
- Examples:
- Nodular cirrhosis of the liver
- Fibro-osseous dysplasia (no cellular abnormalities, no tendency for malignant change)
- Keloid skin formations (in response to surgical incisions, piercings, etc.)
Heterotopia
- Anomalous differentiation of tissue inappropriate to the site of origin
- Examples:
- Actively secreting gastric mucosal glands in the oesophagus
- Ectopic pregnancy (fertilization of the ovum and development of the foetus outside of the uterus)
Dysplasia
- Disordered proliferation of a tissue
- Affects epithelia, which are normally well-defined tissues
- Loss of normal uniformity: change in size, shape, or organization
- Seen in:
- Uterine cervix
- Respiratory tract (especially in smokers)
- Gall bladder
- Oral cavity
- Microscopic features:
- Nuclear hyperchromatism
- Nuclear pleomorphism and increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
- Increased mitosis
- Loss of polarity (especially in basal cells)
Learn about dysplasia in cell pathology, including deep cell keratinization, loss of differentiation, and intracellular adherence. Explore how dysplasia may be reversed if the precipitating cause is removed.
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