Pathology: Hyperaemia and Oedema Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is active hyperaemia?

  • Increased blood flow due to release of vasoactive substances
  • Increased blood flow due to sympathetic neurogenic mechanism (correct)
  • Increased blood flow due to muscular relaxation
  • Increased blood flow due to impaired exit of blood through venous pathways

What is a possible cause of passive hyperaemia?

  • Increased oxygen demand
  • Impaired exit of blood through venous pathways (correct)
  • Release of vasoactive substances
  • Dilation of arteries, arterioles, and capillaries

How is oedema formation primarily driven?

  • By increased oxygen demand
  • By impaired exit of blood through venous pathways
  • By the release of vasoactive substances (correct)
  • By sympathetic neurogenic mechanism

What is an example of localised oedema?

<p>Blushing (flushing of the skin in response to emotion) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with generalised oedema?

<p>Menopausal flush (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which staining method is used to visualize Mycobacteria in clinical samples such as sputum, CSF, and pus?

<p>Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the acid-fastness of Mycobacteria?

<p>High content of mycolic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Mycobacteria primarily known as due to their resistance to decolorization by acids after staining?

<p>Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the Mycobacterial cell wall contributes to their resistance to ordinary staining methods like Gram stain?

<p>Polysaccharides (arabinogalactan) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical characteristics of Mycobacteria when visualized under a microscope using Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain?

<p>Red, straight or slightly curved rods, singly or in small groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

<p>Coordinate activities to keep internal conditions stable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary physiological functions?

<p>Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'autonomic' reflect about the processes regulated by the ANS?

<p>Largely automatic or involuntary nature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system implements many of the physiological responses initiated by the hypothalamus?

<p>Autonomic motor system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the circuits that regulate the autonomic nervous system located?

<p>Brain stem and spinal cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Active hyperaemia

Increased blood flow due to sympathetic neurogenic mechanisms.

Passive hyperaemia

Impaired exit of blood through venous pathways.

Oedema formation

Primarily driven by the release of vasoactive substances.

Localised oedema

Blushing (flushing of the skin in response to emotion).

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Generalised oedema

Associated with menopausal flush.

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Ziehl-Neelsen stain

Used to visualize Mycobacteria in clinical samples.

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Acid-fastness of Mycobacteria

Due to high mycolic acid content in the cell wall.

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Acid-fast bacilli (AFB)

Mycobacteria, resistant to decolorization by acids.

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Mycobacterial cell wall

Polysaccharides (arabinogalactan) contribute to resistance to staining.

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Mycobacteria visualization (ZN)

Red, straight or slightly curved rods, singly or in small groups.

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Coordinates activities to keep internal conditions stable.

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Involuntary physiological functions

Controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).

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Autonomic nature

Largely automatic or involuntary processes.

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Autonomic motor system

Implements physiological responses initiated by hypothalamus.

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ANS Regulation Location

Brain stem and spinal cord control circuits.

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