Pathology CPC: Flank Pain & Haematuria

A 65-year-old male presents with left flank pain for 4 months and a palpable left-sided abdominal mass. What is the MOST likely broad differential diagnosis category?

A 65-year-old male presents with left flank pain and is found to have a left renal mass. Which laboratory finding would be LEAST specific to this presentation?

A 65-year-old male with left flank pain has a raised CRP. Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to be associated with an elevated CRP?

Following an initial ultrasound that reveals a mass in the left kidney, what is the MOST appropriate next-step investigation to further characterize the mass?

A CT scan reveals a hypodense mass in the left kidney. In which scenario would a biopsy be MOST necessary to guide management?

In a 65-year-old patient with a newly discovered renal mass, which of the following histological types of renal tumor is MOST likely?

Which of the following is the MOST common subtype of renal cell carcinoma?

A patient is diagnosed with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Which genetic syndrome is MOST strongly associated with an increased risk of developing this cancer?

What is the standard primary treatment for localized renal parenchymal cell carcinoma?

From which cells do most renal parenchymal cell carcinomas originate?

Which of the following factors is MOST important in determining the prognosis of renal cell carcinoma?

A patient with renal cell carcinoma develops polycythemia. What paraneoplastic effect is MOST likely responsible for this?

A 56-year-old male presents with hematuria. What is the FIRST step in determining the differential diagnosis?

A 56-year-old male presents with hematuria on two occasions. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a renal cause of his hematuria?

What is the MOST common cause of bladder cancer?

A patient is diagnosed with bladder cancer. Which of the following is MOST closely associated with increasing the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder?

A patient presents with hematuria, urgency, and dysuria. Which of the following complications would be LEAST likely related to these symptoms in the context of bladder carcinoma?

A patient's bladder carcinoma is staged using the TNM system. What does the 'T' in this classification MOST directly refer to?

What is the MOST likely treatment for early-stage bladder carcinoma?

Which of the following occupations is MOST likely to increase the risk of bladder cancer?

A 43-year-old male presents with severe, colicky left loin pain of sudden onset. Which of the following conditions should be considered FIRST in the differential diagnosis?

A 43-year-old male presents with severe, colicky pain. If the patient were female, which additional differential diagnosis should be considered?

A 43-year-old male presents with sudden onset colicky abdominal pain. What is the MOST appropriate initial test to distinguish between renal colic and other causes of abdominal pain?

Which of the following is the MOST common type of urinary stone?

Which of the following conditions is MOST likely to predispose a patient to the formation of struvite stones?

A patient with a history of recurrent calcium oxalate stones is being evaluated. Which of the following is the MOST common underlying metabolic abnormality associated with the formation of these stones?

Which type of urinary stone is LEAST likely to be visible on a plain abdominal X-ray?

A patient is diagnosed with a ureteral stone causing obstruction. What is one of the MOST concerning potential complications?

What is the MOST concerning sequela from a stricture of the ureter?

What investigation would be MOST helpful in guiding the diagnosis of the cause of hematuria?

A patient presents with hematuria. A cystoscopy reveals a papillary tumor in the bladder. What should be done next?

Which form of bladder tumor is MOST common?

Which is NOT classified as a type of bladder carcinoma?

Which is NOT a common symptom of bladder carcinomas?

What is a key factor in determining the prognosis of bladder carcinomas?

If a patient presents with early bladder carcinomas, which of these is the MOST likely treatment?

Which substance has NOT been linked to the cause of bladder cancer?

If a patient is experiencing haematuria, what body part should be checked?

A 43 year old male patient presents at A&E with flank pain.

Which of the following is NOT a known complication of kidney stones?

What is the key learning outcome from this lecture?

Which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis for a 65-year-old male presenting with left flank pain and a left-sided abdominal mass, considering the higher incidence in this age group?

A 65-year-old male with a left renal mass exhibits a haemoglobin level of 17 g/dL. What is the MOST likely explanation for this laboratory finding in the context of renal cell carcinoma?

Given a raised CRP of 40 in a 65-year-old male with a renal mass, which of the following conditions would be LEAST likely to contribute to this elevated inflammatory marker?

Following initial assessment with ultrasound, which reveals a mass in the left kidney, what is the MOST appropriate next-step investigation to further characterize the mass and assess for potential metastasis?

A CT scan reveals a hypodense mass in the left kidney of a 65-year-old patient. In which of the following scenarios is a biopsy MOST crucial in guiding the immediate management strategy?

What is the MOST likely histological type of renal tumor found in a 65-year-old patient with a newly discovered renal mass?

A patient with renal cell carcinoma develops hypercalcemia. What paraneoplastic effect is MOST likely responsible for this?

A 56-year-old male presents with macroscopic hematuria. After initial assessment, investigations are needed to determine the cause. What is the MOST appropriate sequence of investigations?

A 56-year-old male reports painless hematuria on two separate occasions. Considering the potential causes, which of the following would be LEAST likely and warrant consideration of rarer etiologies?

Which etiological factor plays the LEAST significant role in the development of bladder cancer?

A patient presents with hematuria, urgency, and dysuria. Which of the following signs or symptoms would suggest a more advanced stage of bladder carcinoma?

If a patient's bladder carcinoma is staged as T3 according to the TNM classification, this indicates that the tumor has invaded which of the following?

A patient is diagnosed with early-stage, non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Considering the management options, which of the following is MOST likely to be part of their initial treatment?

Which of the following substances has NOT been definitively linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer development?

A 43-year-old male presents with severe, colicky left loin pain. After initial assessment, what underlying factor should be considered INITIALLY when determining the possible causes of his symptoms?

A 43-year-old male presents with severe, colicky pain. If the patient were female, which additional differential diagnosis warrants consideration when evaluating the cause of her symptoms?

A 43-year-old male presents with sudden onset colicky abdominal pain. Which initial diagnostic test is MOST effective in differentiating between renal colic and other potential intra-abdominal pathologies?

Which factor contributes LEAST to the development of calcium oxalate stones?

Which of the following mechanisms is MOST directly associated with the formation of struvite stones?

If the patient has a history of recurrent calcium oxalate stones, what is the MOST effective long term management strategy?

Which of the following statements accurately describes uric acid stones?

A patient is diagnosed with a ureteral stone causing significant obstruction. Beyond pain management, one of the MOST immediate concerns associated with this condition is what?

Which of the following is the MOST concerning sequela resulting from a stricture of the ureter?

Following the finding of a papillary tumor during the cystoscopy of a patient presenting with hematuria, which is the MOST critical next step in management?

When considering the histological types of bladder carcinoma, which is the MOST prevalent?

Which of the following symptoms can you directly infer from the complication Hydronephrosis?

Which of the following describes how the prognosis of bladder carcinomas is MOST accurately determined?

Given a patient with early bladder carcinomas, select what the MOST likely treatment option is?

Which of the following factors has been linked to bladder cancer?

In a 65-year-old male presenting with flank pain and a renal mass, what cellular process is MOST likely to be upregulated, contributing to the elevated haemoglobin level?

A 65-year-old male with a renal mass presents with an elevated CRP. If amyloidosis was suspected as an underlying cause, what additional clinical finding would MOST strongly support this suspicion?

Following an ultrasound revealing a renal mass, which imaging modality offers the MOST detailed assessment of vascular involvement and is therefore crucial for surgical planning?

In a patient with a hypodense renal mass found on CT scan, a biopsy is MOST critical for guiding management in which scenario?

A 65-year-old patient is diagnosed with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Which molecular marker is MOST likely to be dysregulated in this patient's tumor cells?

A patient with renal cell carcinoma develops hypercalcemia. Which mechanism involving PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related protein) BEST explains this paraneoplastic effect?

A 56-year-old male presents with hematuria. After initial assessment, what is the BEST investigative approach to differentiate between glomerular and non-glomerular bleeding?

A 56-year-old male reports painless hematuria on two separate occasions. Which of the following rare etiologies is MOST likely to be considered only after excluding more common causes?

Which environmental exposure is LEAST directly implicated in the development of bladder cancer?

A patient presents with hematuria, urgency, and dysuria. Which symptom suggests a more advanced stage of bladder carcinoma?

If a patient's bladder carcinoma is staged as T3 according to the TNM classification, which anatomical structure has the tumor MOST likely invaded?

A patient is diagnosed with early-stage, non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. What therapeutic strategy is MOST likely to be employed FIRST?

Which factor has LEAST evidence linking it to the development of bladder cancer?

A 43-year-old male presents with severe, colicky left loin pain. What underlying pathology should be suspected FIRST?

A 43-year-old male presents with severe, colicky pain. If the patient were female, which additional differential diagnosis requires consideration?

A 43-year-old male presents with sudden onset colicky abdominal pain. Which initial diagnostic test differentiates renal colic from other potential intra-abdominal pathologies?

Which factor is LEAST likely to contribute directly to the formation of calcium oxalate stones?

What mechanism is MOST directly associated with the formation of struvite stones?

If a patient has a history of recurrent calcium oxalate stones, what constitutes the MOST effective long-term management strategy to prevent stone formation?

Which statement accurately describes uric acid stones?

A patient is diagnosed with a ureteral stone causing significant obstruction. Beyond pain management, what is the MOST immediate concern to address?

What is the MOST concerning long-term sequela of a stricture of the ureter?

Following a cystoscopy revealing a papillary tumor in the bladder of a patient with hematuria, what is the MOST critical immediate next step?

Among the histological types of bladder carcinoma, which is the MOST commonly encountered?

What physiological disturbance can be DIRECTLY inferred from the complication of hydronephrosis?

What criteria BEST determine the prognosis of bladder carcinomas?

Considering a patient with early bladder carcinoma, what is the MOST likely first-line treatment option?

What factor has an ESTABLISHED link to bladder cancer?

Which of the following clinical findings would MOST suggest that a patient's flank pain is due to a cause other than renal colic?

Following a renal biopsy, which finding is MOST indicative of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) as the cause of acute kidney injury?

A patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD) secondary to diabetic nephropathy is MOST at risk for developing which electrolyte abnormality?

Which medication class is MOST likely to cause acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)?

A patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is MOST likely to exhibit which hematological abnormality?

What are the most common symptoms indicated in the slides?

What is the MOST likely diagnosis to be considered for a 43-year old male with severe colicky left loin pain?

Which of the following best characterizes renal cell carcinoma?

What type of investigation is usually conducted when dealing with haematuria?

Based on what you have been thought in this lecture, which option is correct?

In a 65-year-old male presenting with left flank pain and a palpable abdominal mass, if imaging reveals multiple, bilateral renal masses, which genetic condition should be HIGHLY considered?

A 65-year-old male with a left renal mass and elevated haemoglobin is suspected of having paraneoplastic erythrocytosis. Which factor produced by the tumour cells is MOST likely driving this erythrocytosis?

In a 65-year-old male presenting with a left renal mass and elevated CRP, if the CRP remains persistently elevated despite treatment of a presumed infection, which of the following conditions would raise suspicion for a paraneoplastic syndrome?

Following ultrasound detection of a renal mass, if a CT scan with contrast is contraindicated, what is the MOST appropriate alternative imaging modality to stage the renal mass and assess for metastasis?

In a patient with a hypodense renal mass on CT scan, which finding on imaging would MOST strongly suggest the need for biopsy to differentiate between oncocytoma and clear cell renal cell carcinoma?

A patient is diagnosed with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Which of the following molecular mechanisms is MOST commonly implicated in the pathogenesis of this cancer?

A patient with renal cell carcinoma develops hypercalcemia. Which of the following mechanisms involving PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related protein) BEST explains this paraneoplastic effect?

A 56-year-old male presents with hematuria and is subsequently diagnosed with bladder cancer. Which of the following environmental exposures is LEAST directly implicated in the development of bladder cancer?

A 56-year-old male presents with hematuria and is diagnosed with bladder carcinoma. Which symptom suggests a higher likelihood of muscle-invasive disease?

In a patient with bladder carcinoma staged as T3 according to the TNM classification, which anatomical structure has the tumor MOST likely invaded?

For a patient diagnosed with early-stage, non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, which therapeutic strategy is MOST likely to be employed FIRST?

What physiological disturbance can you DIRECTLY infer from the complication of hydronephrosis?