Pathology Components and Examples

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Questions and Answers

Which component of pathology refers to the cause of a disease?

Etiology (correct)

Symptomology

Pathogenesis

Morphology

What does the term 'morphology' in pathology specifically refer to?

The mechanism of change

The symptoms of a disease

The cause of a disease

The actual change in structure (correct)

Which statement is true about sero-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RhA)?

It is not associated with joint inflammation.

It only affects the elderly population.

It presents all symptoms without rheumatoid factor.

Blood work shows positive rheumatoid factor. (correct)

What is commonly associated with HLA-B27?

Ankylosing spondylitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a classic deformity associated with psoriatic arthritis?

Pencil cup deformity Signup and view all the answers

How is psoriatic arthritis predominantly characterized in terms of joint involvement?

Unilateral joint disease Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary treatments commonly used for psoriatic arthritis?

NSAIDs Signup and view all the answers

What key feature is associated with the clinical manifestation of the 'lost foot' example?

Bleeding from the wound Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as a loss, loss of use, or derangement of any body part, system, or function?

Impairment Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT typically considered a medical condition?

Normal aging Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a disability as 'severe' according to legal definitions?

It must prevent work at any job on a regular basis. Signup and view all the answers

How is a handicap defined?

A restriction to normal function relative to one's environment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding chronic pain in the context of disabilities?

Chronic pain can be a disabling diagnosis in some circumstances. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom associated with radiculopathy?

Pain, tingling, or weakness along the nerve distribution Signup and view all the answers

In which lumbar region is the incidence of lumbar disc degeneration and radiculopathy most common?

L5/S1 Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with lumbar range motion in cases of significant stiffness?

Mechanical stiffness Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pathology Components

Pathology is the study of disease causes and effects.
Four main components:
- Etiology: The cause of the disease.
- Pathogenesis: The mechanism by which the disease develops.
- Morphology: The physical changes in the body due to the disease.
- Symptomology: The clinical signs and symptoms of the disease.

"The Lost Foot" Example

Etiology: Alligator bite.
Pathogenesis:
- Alligator teeth damage skin and bone, leading to bleeding and pain.
- Inflammatory response develops in injured tissue.
- White blood cells phagocytose (engulf and destroy) affected tissue.
Morphology: The foot is lost.
Symptomology:
- Loss of lower leg below the knee.
- Redness, swelling, pus, and bleeding from the wound.
- Potential pain at the site.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Markers

Rheumatoid Factor (RF): An antibody found in some RA cases indicating joint inflammation.
HLA-B27: A genetic marker commonly associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), also seen in some other spondyloarthropathies.
Rheumatoid Arthritis Types:
- Seropositive RA: Positive blood test (RF).
- Seronegative RA: Negative blood test (RF), but still exhibits RA symptoms.
Related Conditions:
- Ankylosing Spondylitis
- Psoriatic Arthritis (autoimmune condition affecting joints)

Seronegative Arthritis (e.g., Psoriatic Arthritis)

Prevalence: Impacts 2-5% of the US population
Association with Psoriasis: 10-30% of psoriasis sufferers also have psoriatic arthritis.
Characteristics:
- Autoimmune disorder with genetic tendencies
- Primarily affects hands and feet.
- Sacroilitis (inflammation of the sacroiliac joints) is common.
- "Pencil cup" deformity (a specific hand shape) is a classic sign.
- Pitting of nails is common.
- Usually unilateral joint involvement (one side at a time).
- Associated complications (non-joint related): iritis, colitis, etc.
Treatment:
- NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs)
- SAARDS (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs)
- Rehab for affected joints (e.g., hand wax therapy, exercise).
- UV therapy for psoriasis.

Impairment, Disability, Handicap, Condition

Condition: The diagnosis.
Impairment: The loss or derangement of a body part, system, or function (physical and/or cognitive).
Disability: Limitations on performing activities, potentially resulting from impairments.
Handicap: Restrictions on participation in society due to environmental factors and disability.

Medical Conditions (Examples)

Diseases, illnesses or injuries
Physiological, mental , or psychological disorders

Impairment Definition

Actual physical, cognitive, or emotional limitation due to a condition.
AMA Guides definition: "The loss, loss of use, or derangement of any body part, system, or function."

Disability Definition

Limitation on performing activities in the normal range.
WHO definition: "any restriction or lack of ability (resulting from any impairment) to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being".
Relevant to specific criteria for disability (e.g., worker's compensation, insurance).

Handicap Definition

Restriction on participation in normal functions due to environment.

Lumbar Radiculopathy (LDDD)

Common Location: Most common at L5/S1 (lower back spine).
Association with Sciatica: Can lead to the characteristic sciatica pain due to nerve compression.
Symptoms:
- Numbness.
- Weaknesses in legs.
Physical Characteristics:
- Loss of normal lumbar spine movement.
- Weak abdominals.
- Possibly increased lumbar lordosis.

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Description

Explore the key components of pathology including etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, and symptomology. This quiz also covers the example of 'The Lost Foot' and specific markers related to rheumatoid arthritis. Test your understanding of how diseases are analyzed and understood.