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Questions and Answers
Which type of edema is caused by lymphatic obstruction?
Which type of edema is caused by lymphatic obstruction?
What is the main difference between pitting edema and non-pitting edema according to the text?
What is the main difference between pitting edema and non-pitting edema according to the text?
Which type of edema fluid is associated with inflammatory edema according to the text?
Which type of edema fluid is associated with inflammatory edema according to the text?
Which of the following is not a cause of generalized edema (anasarca) mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is not a cause of generalized edema (anasarca) mentioned in the text?
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What color is the blood when it originates from the stomach and becomes brown?
What color is the blood when it originates from the stomach and becomes brown?
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Which term refers to digested blood passing with stools?
Which term refers to digested blood passing with stools?
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What is the term for undigested blood passing with stools originating below the duodenum?
What is the term for undigested blood passing with stools originating below the duodenum?
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What is the condition characterized by decreased blood supply to tissue due to occlusion of its artery?
What is the condition characterized by decreased blood supply to tissue due to occlusion of its artery?
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What is the term for necrosis with putrefaction caused by saprophytic bacteria in necrotic tissue?
What is the term for necrosis with putrefaction caused by saprophytic bacteria in necrotic tissue?
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Which term describes irregular uterine bleeding not related to menstruation?
Which term describes irregular uterine bleeding not related to menstruation?
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What is the definition of hemorrhage?
What is the definition of hemorrhage?
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Which type of hemorrhage involves accumulation of blood within interstitium?
Which type of hemorrhage involves accumulation of blood within interstitium?
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What is the term for larger hematomas more than 3 mm in diameter?
What is the term for larger hematomas more than 3 mm in diameter?
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Which body cavity does hemothorax involve?
Which body cavity does hemothorax involve?
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What does hematuria refer to?
What does hematuria refer to?
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Which system does epistaxis primarily involve?
Which system does epistaxis primarily involve?
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What is the main difference between active hyperemia and passive hyperemia?
What is the main difference between active hyperemia and passive hyperemia?
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Which type of hyperemia is associated with inflammation?
Which type of hyperemia is associated with inflammation?
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What causes the blue color of the affected organ in passive hyperemia?
What causes the blue color of the affected organ in passive hyperemia?
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Which condition is characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in body cavities?
Which condition is characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in body cavities?
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What is the most common site for edema to occur?
What is the most common site for edema to occur?
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What term describes the accumulation of transudate in the pericardial sac?
What term describes the accumulation of transudate in the pericardial sac?
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What is the main difference between dry gangrene and wet gangrene?
What is the main difference between dry gangrene and wet gangrene?
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What is a common cause of dry gangrene?
What is a common cause of dry gangrene?
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Which of the following is not a type of hemorrhage?
Which of the following is not a type of hemorrhage?
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What physical examination findings are consistent with Clive's condition?
What physical examination findings are consistent with Clive's condition?
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Which diagnostic test revealed Sarah's condition related to menorrhagia?
Which diagnostic test revealed Sarah's condition related to menorrhagia?
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What distinguishes ischemia from hyperemia?
What distinguishes ischemia from hyperemia?
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Study Notes
Lymphatic Obstruction Edema
- Lymphoedema is a type of edema where edema fluid is a lymph, except in inflammatory edema (exudate) and lymphatic edema (lymph).
Hemorrhage
- Hemorrhage is the escape of blood outside the cardiovascular system.
- Causes of hemorrhage:
- Local: trauma, erosion of blood vessel by tumor
- General: bleeding tendencies, anticoagulant therapy
- Types of hemorrhage:
- Interstitial hemorrhage: accumulation of blood within interstitium
- Internal hemorrhage: blood escape inside body cavities
- External hemorrhage: escape of blood through body orifices
Interstitial Hemorrhage
- Definition: accumulation of blood within interstitium
- Types:
- Petechiae: 1-2 mm in diameter, found in skin, mucous membranes, or serosal surfaces
- Purpura: larger hematomas, more than 3 mm in diameter
- Ecchymosis: larger subcutaneous hematomas, 1-2 cm in diameter
Internal Hemorrhage
- Definition: blood escape inside body cavities
- Types:
- Hemothorax: hemorrhage into the pleura
- Hemopericardium: hemorrhage into the pericardium
- Hemoperitonium: hemorrhage into the peritoneum
- Hemoartherosis: hemorrhage into a joint cavity
- Hematocele: hemorrhage into the tunica vaginalis
External Hemorrhage
- Definition: escape of blood through body orifices
- Examples:
- Epistaxis: bleeding from the nose
- Hemoptysis: coughing of blood from lung or bronchi
- Hematemesis: vomiting of blood from esophagus, stomach, duodenum
- Melena: digested blood passing with stools
- Blood per Rectum: undigested blood passing with stools
- Hematuria: blood passing with urine
- Menorrhagia: prolonged excessive menstrual bleeding
- Metrorrhagia: irregular uterine bleeding not related to menstruation
Gangrene
- Definition: necrosis with putrefaction
- Types:
- Dry gangrene: occurs especially in toes, caused by gradual arterial obstruction, characterized by minimal tissue fluid, black, dry, and shrink
- Wet gangrene: occurs in internal organs and feet of elderly, especially intestine, caused by sudden arterial and venous obstruction, characterized by excess tissue fluids
Edema
- Definition: abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissue or body cavities
- Sites:
- Subcutaneous tissue
- Serous sacs: pleura, peritonium, and pericardium
- Pathogenesis:
- Increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure
- Increased vascular permeability
- Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
- Lymphatic obstruction
- Classification:
- According to site: localized, generalized
- According to consistency: pitting, non-pitting
- According to fluid: transudate, exudate, lymph
Ischemia and Infarction
- Ischemia: decreased blood supply to tissue due to occlusion of its artery
- Types:
- Acute: caused by embolus, thrombus
- Chronic: caused by atherosclerosis, pressure by tumor
- Infarction: an area of necrosis due to acute ischemia in an organ with endarteries
- Gangrene: necrosis with putrefaction
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Description
This quiz provides an overview of circulatory disturbances such as hyperemia, congestion, edema, hemorrhage, ischemia, infarction, gangrene, thrombosis, and embolism explained by Dr. Dina Abdallah Elnady. The topics covered include different types of hyperemia and congestion, as well as factors contributing to active hyperemia and passive hyperemia.
