Pathology and Medicine Quiz

Soft Tissue Neoplasms

• Rhabdomyosarcoma: most common soft tissue sarcoma in children, originates from skeletal muscle

• Leiomyosarcoma:

• Liposarcoma: originates from adipose tissue

• Hemangiopericytoma: originates from pericytes in the walls of capillaries, with a variant called Infantile Hemangiopericytoma that presents as single or multiple dermal and subcutaneous nodules

Soft Tissue Neoplasm

• Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia: irritation to denture

• Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma: seen exclusively in the gingiva, originates from the periodontal ligament

• Giant Cell Fibroma: common sites include the gingiva, tongue, and palate, with a variant that occurs in the gingiva, particularly on the palatal part of the 2nd and 7th teeth

• Fibroma: firm, asymptomatic nodule, commonly seen in the buccal mucosa and lower lip

• Neurofibroma: seen on the tongue, originates from perineural fibroblasts

• Neurofibromatosis: characterized by café-au-lait spots and skeletal abnormalities such as macrocephaly

• Neurilemoma: originates from Schwann cells, with a histological feature of Antoni A and Antoni B

• Hemangioma: seen at birth or childhood, commonly seen in the lips, tongue, and buccal mucosa, with two types: capillary hemangioma and cavernous hemangioma

• Sturge-Weber syndrome: a vascular malformation of the cerebral meninges causing neurological disorders, with a characteristic "port wine stain" on the face

• Lymphangioma: seen in the tongue, lips, and neck, also known as cystic hygroma

Salivary Gland Pathology

• Benign tumors:

  • Mixed Tumor: most common salivary gland tumor, with a mixture of mesenchymal and epithelial-like formations
  • Myoepithelioma: 40% parotid, 21% hard and soft palate
  • Warthin's tumor: 95% parotid gland, associated with smoking
  • Basal cell adenoma: parotid
  • Canalicular adenoma: most common in the upper lip

• Malignant tumors:

  • Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: most common malignant salivary gland tumor
  • Acinic cell adenocarcinoma: 2nd most common malignant salivary gland tumor, parotid gland
  • Adenoid cystic carcinoma: "cheese-like pattern", with pain and paresthesia
  • Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma: minor gland tumor, "Indian-file" pattern, most common in the palate
  • Carcinoma ex-mixed tumor: rapid growth after a long indolent course, most common in the parotid

Non-Neoplastic Disorders

• Mucus escape reaction: bluish dome-shaped swelling, lower lip

• Sialolithiasis: deposition of calcium salts around the duct, forming a stone called sialolith

• Necrotizing sialometaplasia: idiopathic cause, most common in the posterior hard palate, with "my palate fell out" and crater-like ulcerations

• Benign cyst of the parotid: idiopathic cause, can be associated with HIV

• Benign lymphoepithelial lesions: bilateral painless swelling of the lacrimal and salivary glands, 80% in the parotid

Pigmented and Vascular Lesions

• Ephelis: macular pigmented lesion in sun-exposed areas, vermillion border

• Lentigo simplex: tends to occur in areas not exposed to sunlight

• Nevi:

  • Melanocytic nevi: most common human tumor
  • Congenital nevi: appears at birth, "bathing trunk" nevus
  • Blue nevi:
    • Common blue: palate and hands
    • Cellular blue: buttocks

• Malignant melanoma:

  • Tumors of melanocytes, commonly seen in the head and neck
  • "ABCD" rule:
    • A: asymmetry
    • B: border (irregular)
    • C: color (brown, black)
    • D: diameter (>6mm)
  • Locations: BANS (back, arm, neck, scalp)
  • Types:
    • Superficial: most common form of melanoma with radial growth
    • Acral lentigenous: most common in blacks, most common form in the oral cavity: hard palate, gingiva, and alveolar mucosa
    • Nodular: lesions begin in vertical growth
    • Lentigo maligna:

Syndromes of the Head and Neck

• 45X0: Turner syndrome

• 45Y: lethal

• 47XXX: superwoman

• 47XXY: Klinefelter

• 47XY or Trisomy 21: Down syndrome

• Gardner syndrome:

  • See polyps of large intestine
  • Clinical features: osteomas, fibromas of the skin, multiple unerupted permanent and supernumerary teeth

• Crouzon's syndrome:

  • "Frog-like face" (mid-face hypoplasia)
  • Crouzon's with syndactyly and hearing loss due to stapes fixation = Apert's syndrome

• Cleidocranial dysplasia:

  • "Wormian bodies" (suture remains open)
  • Prominent frontal, parietal, and occipital bones
  • Oral: high arched palate, small maxillary

• Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome:

  • Clinical features: multiple OKC, bifid ribs, kyphoscoliosis, and calcification of the falx cerebri

• Papillon-Levefre syndrome:

  • Periodontitis in children

• Cowden syndrome:

  • Clinical features: multiple nodular and papular lesions resulting in cobblestone appearance
  • Most common sites: tongue, buccal mucosa, and gingiva

Test your knowledge of soft tissue sarcomas, neoplasms, and salivary gland tumors. This quiz covers various topics in pathology and medicine, including neurofibroma, hemangiopericytoma, and more.