Pathological Hyperplasia: Endometrial and Prostatic

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Questions and Answers

Which type of hyperplasia occurs in response to hormonal stimulation?

Compensatory hyperplasia

Physiologic hyperplasia

Pathologic hyperplasia

Hormonal hyperplasia (correct)

What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?

Hyperplasia of female breast at puberty

Proliferative activity of normal endometrium after a normal menstrual cycle

Regeneration of liver following partial hepatectomy (correct)

Hyperplasia of liver cells in response to growth factors

What is the mechanism of hyperplasia in labile and stable cells?

Proliferation of mature cells, stimulated by growth factors (correct)

Differentiation of stem cells into mature cells

Increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells

Apoptosis of mature cells

What is an example of physiological hyperplasia?

Hyperplasia of female breast at puberty and during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between physiologic and pathologic hyperplasia?

Physiologic hyperplasia is a normal adaptive response, while pathologic hyperplasia is an abnormal response Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of growth factors in hyperplasia?

Stimulation of cell proliferation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia in old age men?

Androgen hormonal stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells can undergo both hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

Dividing cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of hypertrophy in cells?

Synthesis of newer cellular proteins or excessive secretion of growth factors Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of physiological hypertrophy?

Increased muscle mass in athletes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between physiological and pathological hypertrophy?

Occurrence in response to disease state Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of endometrial hyperplasia?

Oestrogen and progesterone imbalance Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of skin warts?

Hyperplasia of epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

Increase in cell number vs. increase in cell size Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the transformation of one adult cell type to another?

Metaplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of osseous metaplasia?

Monkeberg's medial calcific sclerosis in arterial walls Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between hyperplasia and cancer?

Hyperplasia can increase the risk of cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an excessive increase in the number of cells in a tissue?

Hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the enlargement of a tissue due to an increase in the size of its cells?

Hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of cartilaginous metaplasia?

Healing of fractures with undue mobility Signup and view all the answers

What can occur if the response to stimuli causing hyperplasia and metaplasia becomes uncontrolled or persistent?

Malignant transformation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the disorganized growth of cells in a tissue?

Dysplasia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pathological Hyperplasia

Examples of pathological hyperplasia include endometrial hyperplasia due to hormonal imbalance, benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia in old age men due to androgen stimulation, and skin warts (hyperplastic epithelium) in response to papillomavirus infection.

Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size of cells, leading to an increase in the size of the affected organ.
It occurs due to the synthesis and assembly of additional intracellular structural components.
Permanent cells/non-dividing cells undergo hypertrophy only, while dividing cells (stable cells/quiescent cells) undergo both hypertrophy and hyperplasia.

Types of Hypertrophy

Physiological hypertrophy: occurs in response to increased functional demand.
Pathological hypertrophy: occurs in response to increased workload or disease state in cells with limited capacity for division.

Types of Hyperplasia

Physiological hyperplasia: occurs due to hormonal stimulation or growth factors when there is a need to increase functional capacity of hormone-sensitive organs.
Compensatory hyperplasia: occurs after damage or resection.
Pathological hyperplasia: occurs due to excessive hormonal stimulation or excessive effects of growth factors on target cells.

Examples of Physiological Hyperplasia

Hyperplasia of female breast at puberty and during pregnancy.
Proliferative activity of normal endometrium after a normal menstrual cycle.
Regeneration of liver following partial hepatectomy (compensatory hyperplasia).

Metaplasia

Osseous metaplasia: occurs in arterial wall in old age, in soft tissues in myositis ossificans, in cartilage of larynx and bronchi in elderly people, in scar of chronic inflammation of prolonged duration, and in the fibrous stroma of tumour (leiomyoma).
Cartilaginous metaplasia: occurs in healing of fractures, in area with undue mobility.
Other types of metaplasia include apocrine metaplasia, tubal metaplasia, clear cell metaplasia, mucinous metaplasia, and fat metaplasia.

Hyperplasia and Metaplasia as Precursors to Neoplasia

Hyperplasia and metaplasia can increase the risk of acquiring genetic aberrations, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and cancer.
Pathological hyperplasia and metaplasia can constitute a fertile soil for cancer development.
Examples of progression from hyperplasia/metaplasia to carcinoma include endometrial hyperplasia to endometrial carcinoma, metaplasia from squamous to columnar epithelium in Barrett's oesophagus to adenocarcinoma of oesophagus, and squamous cell carcinoma arising from metaplastic squamous epithelium of the bronchial mucosa in a heavy smoker.

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Description

This quiz covers examples of pathological hyperplasia, including endometrial hyperplasia caused by hormonal imbalance and benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia in old age men. Understand the differences between normal and hyperplastic tissues.