22 Questions
Which type of hyperplasia occurs in response to hormonal stimulation?
Hormonal hyperplasia
What is an example of compensatory hyperplasia?
Regeneration of liver following partial hepatectomy
What is the mechanism of hyperplasia in labile and stable cells?
Proliferation of mature cells, stimulated by growth factors
What is an example of physiological hyperplasia?
Hyperplasia of female breast at puberty and during pregnancy
What is the difference between physiologic and pathologic hyperplasia?
Physiologic hyperplasia is a normal adaptive response, while pathologic hyperplasia is an abnormal response
What is the role of growth factors in hyperplasia?
Stimulation of cell proliferation
What is the primary cause of benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia in old age men?
Androgen hormonal stimulation
Which type of cells can undergo both hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
Dividing cells
What is the mechanism of hypertrophy in cells?
Synthesis of newer cellular proteins or excessive secretion of growth factors
What is an example of physiological hypertrophy?
Increased muscle mass in athletes
What is the primary difference between physiological and pathological hypertrophy?
Occurrence in response to disease state
What is the cause of endometrial hyperplasia?
Oestrogen and progesterone imbalance
What is the result of skin warts?
Hyperplasia of epithelial cells
What is the primary difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
Increase in cell number vs. increase in cell size
What is the term for the transformation of one adult cell type to another?
Metaplasia
Which of the following is an example of osseous metaplasia?
Monkeberg's medial calcific sclerosis in arterial walls
What is the relationship between hyperplasia and cancer?
Hyperplasia can increase the risk of cancer
What is the term for an excessive increase in the number of cells in a tissue?
Hyperplasia
What is the term for the enlargement of a tissue due to an increase in the size of its cells?
Hypertrophy
What is an example of cartilaginous metaplasia?
Healing of fractures with undue mobility
What can occur if the response to stimuli causing hyperplasia and metaplasia becomes uncontrolled or persistent?
Malignant transformation
What is the term for the disorganized growth of cells in a tissue?
Dysplasia
Study Notes
Pathological Hyperplasia
- Examples of pathological hyperplasia include endometrial hyperplasia due to hormonal imbalance, benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia in old age men due to androgen stimulation, and skin warts (hyperplastic epithelium) in response to papillomavirus infection.
Hypertrophy
- Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size of cells, leading to an increase in the size of the affected organ.
- It occurs due to the synthesis and assembly of additional intracellular structural components.
- Permanent cells/non-dividing cells undergo hypertrophy only, while dividing cells (stable cells/quiescent cells) undergo both hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
Types of Hypertrophy
- Physiological hypertrophy: occurs in response to increased functional demand.
- Pathological hypertrophy: occurs in response to increased workload or disease state in cells with limited capacity for division.
Types of Hyperplasia
- Physiological hyperplasia: occurs due to hormonal stimulation or growth factors when there is a need to increase functional capacity of hormone-sensitive organs.
- Compensatory hyperplasia: occurs after damage or resection.
- Pathological hyperplasia: occurs due to excessive hormonal stimulation or excessive effects of growth factors on target cells.
Examples of Physiological Hyperplasia
- Hyperplasia of female breast at puberty and during pregnancy.
- Proliferative activity of normal endometrium after a normal menstrual cycle.
- Regeneration of liver following partial hepatectomy (compensatory hyperplasia).
Metaplasia
- Osseous metaplasia: occurs in arterial wall in old age, in soft tissues in myositis ossificans, in cartilage of larynx and bronchi in elderly people, in scar of chronic inflammation of prolonged duration, and in the fibrous stroma of tumour (leiomyoma).
- Cartilaginous metaplasia: occurs in healing of fractures, in area with undue mobility.
- Other types of metaplasia include apocrine metaplasia, tubal metaplasia, clear cell metaplasia, mucinous metaplasia, and fat metaplasia.
Hyperplasia and Metaplasia as Precursors to Neoplasia
- Hyperplasia and metaplasia can increase the risk of acquiring genetic aberrations, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and cancer.
- Pathological hyperplasia and metaplasia can constitute a fertile soil for cancer development.
- Examples of progression from hyperplasia/metaplasia to carcinoma include endometrial hyperplasia to endometrial carcinoma, metaplasia from squamous to columnar epithelium in Barrett's oesophagus to adenocarcinoma of oesophagus, and squamous cell carcinoma arising from metaplastic squamous epithelium of the bronchial mucosa in a heavy smoker.
This quiz covers examples of pathological hyperplasia, including endometrial hyperplasia caused by hormonal imbalance and benign nodular prostatic hyperplasia in old age men. Understand the differences between normal and hyperplastic tissues.
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