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Pathogenesis of DKA and HHS

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary metabolic disorder associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Hypoglycemia

Hyperglycemia (correct)

Lactic acidosis

Respiratory acidosis

Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)?

Excessive calorie intake causing obesity and metabolic syndrome

Insufficient insulin leading to high blood glucose without significant ketosis (correct)

Primarily due to excessive insulin production

Resulting from infections causing acute insulin resistance

Which of the following conditions is distinctly characterized by the presence of ketones?

Metabolic syndrome

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) (correct)

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)

Mild hypoglycemia

In which scenario is the risk of developing HHS more likely?

<p>Inadequate fluid intake and/or fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical clinical manifestation of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

<p>Kussmaul respirations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

DKA is characterized by high blood ketone levels and metabolic acidosis.
Commonly occurs in individuals with type 1 diabetes but can also occur in type 2 diabetes.
Triggers include infections, insulin omissions, and severe stress conditions.

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)

HHS is characterized by extremely high blood glucose levels without significant ketosis.
More prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes, often due to inadequate insulin action.
Can be precipitated by dehydration, infections, and certain medications.

Pathogenesis Overview

Both DKA and HHS involve insulin deficiency and increased counter-regulatory hormones (glucagon, cortisol).
In DKA, insulin deficiency leads to increased lipolysis and ketogenesis.
HHS results in severe hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis, leading to fluid and electrolyte imbalances.

Clinical Significance

Rapid recognition and treatment are essential to prevent complications.
DKA can lead to cerebral edema, especially in children.
HHS is associated with higher mortality rates compared to DKA.

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Description

This quiz explores the pathogenesis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS). Understand the biochemical processes and risk factors involved in these serious diabetes-related conditions. Test your knowledge on this critical aspect of diabetes care.