Pathogenesis of periodontal disease workbook hard
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Pathogenesis of periodontal disease workbook hard

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune response?

  • To serve as receptors for T-cells
  • To directly kill pathogens
  • To prevent adherence of microorganisms (correct)
  • To produce cytokines for immune regulation

    • Which statement correctly describes the T-cell mediated response?

  • It primarily relies on antibodies for activation.
  • It requires B-cell differentiation into plasma cells.
  • It is identical to the B-cell response.
  • It utilizes T-cell receptors without antibodies. (correct)

    • What role do TH cells play in the immune response?

  • They assist B cell differentiation into plasma cells. (correct)
  • They are responsible for phagocytosis of all pathogens.
  • They directly engulf pathogens.
  • They produce antibodies themselves.

    • How do T-cells contribute to the shift from gingivitis to periodontitis?

    <p>They engage in immunoregulatory activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mediator is known to contribute to tissue damage in periodontal disease?

    <p>Cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in periodontal disease?

    <p>To regulate inflammation and contribute to tissue degradation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of the complement system in relation to antibodies?

    <p>Lyse bacteria and enhance phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for antigen presentation to T-cells?

    <p>Langerhans'/dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and TNF-α in periodontitis?

    <p>Promote immune cell growth and response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of prostaglandins in the context of periodontitis?

    <p>Facilitate bone resorption and chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of periodontitis, how do matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) contribute to tissue damage?

    <p>They degrade connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily disturbs the dynamic equilibrium in health and stable gingivitis, leading to periodontitis?

    <p>Increased presence of pathogenic microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding the role of anti-inflammatory cytokines in periodontitis?

    <p>They solely reduce tissue inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the microbial factor of periodontitis is critical for the disease's initiation?

    <p>Increased pathogenicity and virulence factors of microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies a supporting factor of the bacterial role in periodontal disease?

    <p>Presence of pathogen-derived virulence factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a compromised host defense contribute to periodontitis?

    <p>Facilitates the establishment of pathogenic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the junctional epithelium contribute to tissue destruction in periodontal disease?

    <p>By forming micro ulcerations leading to inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the junctional epithelium are primarily responsible for secreting cytokines during inflammation?

    <p>Keratinocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function does saliva serve in the oral cavity?

    <p>Stopping drying of oral tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to a compromised protective function of the epithelium in periodontal conditions?

    <p>Development of periodontal pockets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macrophages are identified as responsible for releasing host defenses in the gingival tissues?

    <p>Langerhans' cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what manner does the epithelium's protective function become affected during periodontal disease?

    <p>Resulting from tissue destruction and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge does the inflammatory response create for the junctional epithelium?

    <p>Development of micro ulcerations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between inflammation and the junctional epithelium?

    <p>Inflammation weakens the junctional epithelium's protective function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of periodontitis?

    <p>It results in irreversible destruction of periodontal tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes plaque biofilm?

    <p>One or more communities of microorganisms embedded within an extracellular matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the inorganic matrix found in dental plaque biofilm?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage in the development of dental plaque biofilm?

    <p>Initial attachment of bacteria to pellicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cytokines is true?

    <p>Cytokines help regulate immune responses and inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune response is NOT considered a component of host defence in the oral cavity?

    <p>Neuroimmune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play in periodontal disease?

    <p>They contribute to the destruction of connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is least likely to contribute to the initiation of periodontitis?

    <p>Frequent dental visits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the oral epithelium in the gingival tissue?

    <p>To provide a mechanical barrier against stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the function of the junctional epithelium?

    <p>It serves as a barrier joining the gingiva to the tooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response is primarily activated by dental plaque?

    <p>Innate immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is known for producing gingipains that allow it to utilize gingival crevicular fluid as a nutrient source?

    <p>P. gingivallis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a virulence factor associated with A. actinomycemcomitans?

    <p>Production of carbohydrate capsules for resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the sulcular epithelium?

    <p>Non-keratinized and lines the gingival sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the innate immune response is involved in the inflammatory process?

    <p>Saliva containing antimicrobial peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue of the periodontium is responsible for connecting the tooth to the alveolar bone?

    <p>Periodontal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of epithelial Langerhans' cells in the immune response?

    <p>They present antigenic parts from pathogens to lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the humoral immune response?

    <p>It involves the production of antibodies against extracellular agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is characterized by the recognition of specific antigens and the establishment of immunological memory?

    <p>Adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies IgG and IgA?

    <p>To provide a protective function against pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to B-cell lymphocytes during the humoral immune response?

    <p>They transform into plasma cells that release antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of adaptive immunity involves the activity of primarily B-cells?

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adaptive immune response is triggered when which situation occurs?

    <p>Innate immunity is ineffective in controlling an infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique characteristic of the adaptive immune response?

    <p>It is highly specific and develops immunological memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathogenesis of Periodontitis

    • Periodontitis is a microbial infection causing inflammatory response, leading to irreversible destruction of periodontal tissues.
    • Plaque biofilm plays a significant role in periodontal disease development.

    Defining Plaque Biofilm

    • A biofilm is a community of microorganisms embedded within an extracellular matrix.
    • The biofilm matrix has organic components (proteins, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, lipids) and inorganic components (calcium, sodium, phosphorus, potassium).

    Stages of Biofilm Formation

    • Initial attachment of bacteria to pellicle.
    • Initial colonization of the tooth surface by new bacteria.
    • Secondary colonization with production of extracellular slime layer.
    • Mature biofilm formation (mushroom-shaped colonies).

    Tissues of the Gingival Epithelium

    • Oral epithelium: Keratinized stratified squamous tissue covering free and attached gingiva (protection).
    • Sulcular epithelium: Non-keratinized stratified squamous tissue lining the sulcus; semi-permeable, allowing gingival crevicular fluid flow.
    • Junctional epithelium: Non-keratinized stratified squamous tissue joining gingiva to tooth, with tightly packed epithelial cells and desmosomes.

    Tissues of the Periodontium

    • Gingiva.
    • Periodontal ligament.
    • Cementum.
    • Alveolar bone.

    Bacteria Associated with Periodontitis

    • P. gingivalis: Produces gingipains for nutrient uptake; carbohydrate capsule for resistance to host defenses.
    • T. denticola: Adhesion to fibroblasts; degradation of cytokines, and disruption of host defense.
    • T. forsythia: Production of proteases and apoptotic factors causing cell death to immune cells; leukotoxin destroys white blood cells.
    • A. actinomycetemcomitans: Leukotoxin destruction of white blood cells and immune response inhibition; production of proteases and toxins damaging epithelial cells.

    Subgingival Environment

    • The subgingival environment primarily supports anaerobic bacteria.

    Host Defenses

    • The innate/primary immune response is the initial response to plaque, involving inflammation, epithelium, and saliva.
    • Cellular response involves PMNs (neutrophils, mast cells, basophils), macrophages for attacking and removing invading microorganisms.
    • The adaptive immune response (specific/acquired) involves antibodies (IgG and IgA) produced by B-cells.
    • Cell-mediated responses use T-cell receptors and involve T-helper (TH) cells producing cytokines to assist B-cell differentiation into plasma cells, activating macrophages and neutrophils.

    Host Response

    • The adaptive immune response involves specific responses to pathogens.
    • Components include humoral immunity (antibody production) and cell-mediated immunity.
    • Humoral immunity involves antibody production against extracellular pathogens.
    • Cell-mediated immunity involves activation of macrophages and neutrophils using T-cell receptors.

    Keystone Pathogen Hypothesis

    • Keystone species in biofilms greatly influence communities, regardless of numbers.
    • Their presence triggers a shift in the biofilm community toward a dysbiotic one.
    • Uncontrolled host response leads to periodontal tissue damage.

    Factors Contributing to Periodontitis

    • Microbial factors: Increased microbial presence and virulence factors.
    • Host factors: Compromised host defenses.

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    Related Documents

    Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease 1 Workbook PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the pathogenesis of periodontitis, focusing on the role of plaque biofilm in the disease's development and the stages of biofilm formation. Additionally, it covers the structure and function of gingival tissues affected by this microbial infection.

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