122 Questions
Which of the following is NOT a type of bacterial exotoxin?
Endotoxins
What is the function of adhesins in pathogens?
To attach to receptors on the host cell
What is the function of exoenzymes in pathogens?
To invade host cells and deeper tissues
Which of the following pathogens have adhesins?
Bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoan pathogens
What is the function of endotoxins in gram-negative bacteria?
To cause a general systemic inflammatory response
What is the difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?
Exotoxins are specific in their action while endotoxins stimulate a general systemic inflammatory response
Which of the following is an example of a membrane-disrupting toxin?
Phospholipases
What is the function of superantigens in pathogens?
To trigger an excessive, nonspecific stimulation of immune cells to secrete cytokines
What is the function of capsules in bacterial pathogens?
To evade phagocytosis by cells of the immune system
Which bacterium produces the exoenzyme coagulase to evade the immune system?
Staphylococcus aureus
What is the function of M protein in the fimbriae of certain species of Streptococcus?
To allow bacterial pathogens to evade the immune system
What is the LD50 of botulinum toxin?
0.000001 mg/kg
Which of the following is NOT a type of bacterial exotoxin?
Endotoxins
What is the function of adhesins in pathogens?
To attach to receptors on the host cell
What is the function of exoenzymes in pathogens?
To invade host cells and deeper tissues
Which of the following pathogens have adhesins?
Bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoan pathogens
What is the function of endotoxins in gram-negative bacteria?
To cause a general systemic inflammatory response
What is the difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?
Exotoxins are specific in their action while endotoxins stimulate a general systemic inflammatory response
Which of the following is an example of a membrane-disrupting toxin?
Phospholipases
What is the function of superantigens in pathogens?
To trigger an excessive, nonspecific stimulation of immune cells to secrete cytokines
What is the function of capsules in bacterial pathogens?
To evade phagocytosis by cells of the immune system
Which bacterium produces the exoenzyme coagulase to evade the immune system?
Staphylococcus aureus
What is the function of M protein in the fimbriae of certain species of Streptococcus?
To allow bacterial pathogens to evade the immune system
What is the LD50 of botulinum toxin?
0.000001 mg/kg
Which of the following statements about adhesins is true?
Adhesins attach to receptors on the host cell.
Which of the following is an example of an exoenzyme?
Hyaluronidase S
Which of the following statements about endotoxins is true?
Endotoxins stimulate a general systemic inflammatory response when released.
Which of the following is an example of a membrane-disrupting toxin?
Phospholipases
Which of the following is an example of a superantigen?
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
Which of the following is an example of a capsule-producing bacterium?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Which of the following virulence factors allows Mycobacterium tuberculosis to resist some of the killing mechanisms within the phagolysosome?
Mycolic acid
Which of the following is an example of an A-B exotoxin?
Diphtheria toxin
Which of the following bacterial pathogens produces the exoenzyme coagulase?
Staphylococcus aureus
Which of the following is an example of an intracellular targeting exotoxin?
Diphtheria toxin
Which of the following is an example of a fungal pathogen with adhesins?
Candida albicans
Which of the following bacterial pathogens is known for producing M protein in the fimbriae?
Streptococcus pyogenes
What is the function of hyaluronidase S in pathogenic bacteria?
It degrades the glycoside hyaluronan, allowing the pathogen to pass through tissue layers and disseminate in the body.
Which of the following is a type of bacterial exotoxin?
A-B exotoxins
Which of the following is a function of exotoxins in pathogenic bacteria?
They can cause damage to host cells and tissues.
Which of the following is a function of endotoxins in gram-negative bacteria?
They stimulate a general systemic inflammatory response when released.
Which of the following is a function of adhesins in pathogenic bacteria?
They attach to receptors on the host cell surface.
Which of the following is a function of superantigens in pathogenic bacteria?
They trigger an excessive, nonspecific stimulation of immune cells to secrete cytokines, causing life-threatening fever, inflammation, and shock.
Which of the following pathogens have adhesins?
Bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoan pathogens
Which of the following is an example of a membrane-disrupting toxin?
Phospholipases
Which of the following is produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae to evade phagocytosis by cells of the immune system?
Capsules
Which of the following is produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis to resist some of the killing mechanisms within the phagolysosome?
Mycolic acid
Which of the following is produced by Staphylococcus aureus to evade the immune system?
Coagulase
Which of the following is true about the LD50 of botulinum toxin?
It is 0.000001 mg/kg, making it 240,000 times more lethal than endotoxin.
Which of the following is NOT a category of exotoxins based on their target?
Protein synthesis
What is the function of hyaluronidase S in Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Clostridium perfringens?
To degrade the intercellular cement between adjacent cells in connective tissue and allow the pathogen to pass through the tissue layers at the portal of entry and disseminate elsewhere in the body
Which of the following pathogens produce adhesins?
Bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoan pathogens
Which of the following is NOT a category of exotoxins based on their target?
Extracellular targeting
What is the function of endotoxins in gram-negative bacteria?
Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides found on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and stimulate a general systemic inflammatory response when released.
Which of the following is an example of a membrane-disrupting toxin?
Phospholipases
What is the function of superantigens in pathogens?
Superantigens trigger an excessive, nonspecific stimulation of immune cells to secrete cytokines, causing life-threatening fever, inflammation, and shock.
What is the function of capsules in bacterial pathogens?
Bacteria use capsules to evade phagocytosis by cells of the immune system.
What is the function of M protein in the fimbriae of certain species of Streptococcus?
Some bacterial pathogens produce other virulence factors that allow them to evade the immune system, such as M protein in the fimbriae of certain species of Streptococcus.
What does Mycobacterium tuberculosis produce to resist some of the killing mechanisms within the phagolysosome?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces a waxy substance known as mycolic acid in its cell envelope, enabling the bacterium to resist some of the killing mechanisms within the phagolysosome.
What does Staphylococcus aureus produce to evade the immune system?
Staphylococcus aureus produces the exoenzyme coagulase, which exploits the natural mechanism of blood clotting to evade the immune system.
What is the LD50 of botulinum toxin?
0.000001 mg/kg (240,000 times more lethal than endotoxin)
What is the difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?
Exotoxins are much more specific in their action and the cells they interact with, while endotoxins stimulate a general systemic inflammatory response when released.
What are adhesins?
Proteins or glycoproteins found on the surface of a pathogen that attaches to receptors on the host cell.
What are exoenzymes?
Extracellular enzymes that enable pathogens to invade host cells and deeper tissues.
What is the function of hyaluronidase S?
Degrades the glycoside hyaluronan, allowing the pathogen to pass through the tissue layers at the portal of entry and disseminate elsewhere in the body.
What are endotoxins?
Lipopolysaccharides found on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.
What are exotoxins?
Protein molecules that are produced by a wide variety of living pathogenic bacteria.
What are the three categories of exotoxins based on their target?
Intracellular targeting, membrane disrupting, and superantigens.
What is the LD50 of botulinum toxin?
0.000001 mg/kg (240,000 times more lethal than endotoxin).
What is the function of capsules in bacterial pathogens?
Bacteria use capsules to evade phagocytosis by cells of the immune system.
What is the function of M protein in the fimbriae of certain species of Streptococcus?
Some bacterial pathogens produce other virulence factors that allow them to evade the immune system, such as M protein in the fimbriae of certain species of Streptococcus.
What is the function of mycolic acid in the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Enables the bacterium to resist some of the killing mechanisms within the phagolysosome.
What is the function of coagulase in Staphylococcus aureus?
Exploits the natural mechanism of blood clotting to evade the immune system.
What are adhesins in pathogens?
Proteins or glycoproteins that attach to receptors on the host cell
What are exoenzymes in pathogens?
Extracellular enzymes that enable pathogens to invade host cells and deeper tissues
Which of the following pathogens have adhesins?
Bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoan pathogens
What are endotoxins in gram-negative bacteria?
Lipopolysaccharides found on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
What are exotoxins?
Biological poisons that assist in a pathogen's ability to invade and cause damage to tissues
What are A-B exotoxins?
Exotoxins that consist of two components: A for activity and B for binding
Which of the following is an example of a membrane-disrupting toxin?
Phospholipases
What is the function of superantigens in pathogens?
To trigger an excessive, nonspecific stimulation of immune cells to secrete cytokines
What is the function of capsules in bacterial pathogens?
To evade phagocytosis by cells of the immune system
What is the function of M protein in the fimbriae of certain species of Streptococcus?
To evade phagocytosis by cells of the immune system
What is the LD50 of botulinum toxin?
240,000 times more lethal than endotoxin
What is mycolic acid in the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
A waxy substance that enables the bacterium to resist some of the killing mechanisms within the phagolysosome
What is the function of coagulase in Staphylococcus aureus?
To exploit the natural mechanism of blood clotting to evade the immune system
What is the function of hyaluronidase S in Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Clostridium perfringens?
It degrades the glycoside hyaluronan allowing the pathogen to pass through connective tissue
What is the difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?
Exotoxins are much more specific in their action and the cells they interact with, while endotoxins stimulate a general systemic inflammatory response
What is the function of A-B exotoxins?
To bind to host cells and cause damage
Which of the following is an example of a membrane-disrupting toxin?
Phospholipases
What is the function of superantigens in pathogens?
To trigger an excessive, nonspecific stimulation of immune cells
Which of the following is a notable capsule-producing bacterium?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the function of antibodies in the human immune system?
To initiate phagocytosis and other mechanisms of antibacterial killing and clearance
Which bacterial pathogen produces M protein in the fimbriae to evade the immune system?
Streptococcus pyogenes
What is the function of mycolic acid in the cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
To resist some of the killing mechanisms within the phagolysosome
Which bacterial exoenzyme exploits the natural mechanism of blood clotting to evade the immune system?
Coagulase
What is the LD50 of botulinum toxin?
0.00001 mg/kg
What is the function of adhesins in pathogens?
To enable pathogens to invade host cells and deeper tissues
What is the function of hyaluronidase S in Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Clostridium perfringens?
It degrades the glycoside hyaluronan in connective tissue, allowing the pathogen to pass through tissue layers and disseminate elsewhere in the body.
Which of the following is an example of an A-B exotoxin?
Diphtheria toxin
What is the function of antibodies in the human immune system?
They initiate phagocytosis and other mechanisms of antibacterial killing and clearance.
Which of the following is a virulence factor used by bacteria to evade phagocytosis by cells of the immune system?
Capsules
Which of the following is a notable capsule-producing bacterium that causes pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia, and other respiratory tract infections?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the function of phospholipases in bacterial pathogens?
They degrade the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes in host cells.
Which of the following is a category of exotoxins based on their target?
Intracellular targeting
Which of the following pathogens have adhesins?
Bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoan pathogens
What is the function of M protein in the fimbriae of certain species of Streptococcus?
It allows the pathogen to evade the immune system.
Which of the following is a lipopolysaccharide found on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria?
Endotoxin
Which of the following is a bacterial exoenzyme produced by Staphylococcus aureus that exploits the natural mechanism of blood clotting to evade the immune system?
Coagulase
What is the LD50 of botulinum toxin?
0.000001 mg/kg (240,000 times more lethal than endotoxin)
What is the difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?
Exotoxins are protein molecules produced by a wide variety of living pathogenic bacteria, while endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides found on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.
What are adhesins in pathogens?
Proteins or glycoproteins on the surface of a pathogen that attach to receptors on the host cell
What are exoenzymes in pathogens?
Extracellular enzymes that enable pathogens to invade host cells and deeper tissues
What are toxins in pathogens?
Biological poisons that assist in a pathogen's ability to invade and cause damage to tissues
What are endotoxins?
Lipopolysaccharides found on the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
What are exotoxins?
Protein molecules that are produced by a wide variety of living pathogenic bacteria
Which of the following is NOT a category of exotoxins based on their target?
Endocellular targeting
Which bacterium is notable for producing capsules?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the function of superantigens in pathogens?
Trigger an excessive, nonspecific stimulation of immune cells to secrete cytokines, causing life-threatening fever, inflammation, and shock
What is the waxy substance produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in its cell envelope?
Mycolic acid
What is the function of coagulase in Staphylococcus aureus?
Exploits the natural mechanism of blood clotting to evade the immune system
What is the LD50 of botulinum toxin?
0.000001 mg/kg (240,000 times more lethal than endotoxin)
What is the function of M protein in the fimbriae of certain species of Streptococcus?
Allows them to evade the immune system
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