PATH200 & 310: Neoplasia & Genetics

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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic that differentiates malignant tumors from benign tumors?

Grow at a slow rate

Seldom recur after removal

Contain necrosis and ulceration (correct)

Compress local tissues

Which process is responsible for the formation of cancer cells?

Metastasis

Carcinogenesis (correct)

Cellular apoptosis

Tumor suppression

What is the typical growth rate of benign tumors compared to malignant tumors?

Moderate growth

Intermittent growth

Very rapid growth

Slow growth (correct)

Which statement about metastasis is true?

It allows tumor growth at distant sites. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT typically associated with malignant tumors?

Smoothly moving outward edges Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT included in the carcinogenesis process?

Apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for irreversible cell injury that cannot be corrected after the stimulus is removed?

Necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What results from localized tissue death due to ischemia?

Infarction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes programmed cell death?

Apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans typically have?

23 Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of a nucleotide in DNA?

Phosphoric acid, deoxyribose, nitrogenous base Signup and view all the answers

What are chromosomes composed of?

Bundles of DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which pair of chromosomes determines an individual's sex?

23rd pair Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell injury involves a critical lack of blood supply to a localized area?

Ischemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a gene in the DNA molecule?

To code for proteins and enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a form of cell injury outlined in the content?

Fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

What type of cellular change is characterized by an increase in the number of cells?

Hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular adaptive change involves a decrease in cell size?

Atrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of sub lethal cell injury?

Reversible changes if stimulus is removed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to the appearance of atypical cells in response to chronic irritation?

Dysplasia Signup and view all the answers

Cellular swelling due to an accumulation of substances in the cytoplasm is an example of which adaptive change?

Abnormal accumulation of intracellular substances Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell change occurs when one type of adult cell is replaced by another type?

Metaplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of cellular injury?

Increased physical exercise Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular change involves an increase in the size of individual cells without an increase in cell numbers?

Hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of reversible cell injury?

Reversible when the cause is removed Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cellular adaptive change does NOT typically involve an increase in tissue mass?

Atrophy Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are formed through the process of mitosis?

Body cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive disorders?

One altered gene is needed for autosomal dominant disorders, while two are needed for recessive. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disorders is an example of an autosomal recessive disorder?

Sickle cell disease Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most commonly associated with cellular adaptation due to inadequate oxygen?

Hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes germ cells?

Are involved in the formation of gametes Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes congenital conditions from other types of disorders?

They are always present from birth. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism primarily enables the body to prevent disease through self-repair?

Adaptive changes Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inheritance is characterized by conditions linked to the X chromosome?

Disorders of sex-linked inheritance Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tumor is characterized by uncontrolled growth and potential to metastasize?

Malignant tumor Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the process of neoplasia?

Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which germ cells are produced?

Meiosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of cellular adaptation?

Congenital immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can contribute to congenital conditions?

Maternal diseases during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used to classify the extent and severity of tumors?

TNM system Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a single gene disorder?

It stems from a single defective or mutant gene. Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the reproductive cells formed during gametogenesis?

Gametes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options describes a benign tumor?

Encapsulated and slow-growing Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction can cause cellular injury through hypersensitivity?

Immunologic reaction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Malignant tumors have a higher likelihood of recurrence after treatment than benign tumors. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Adaptation and Injury

Cells can adapt to various stimuli including physical agents (trauma, burns), chemical agents (toxins), microorganisms (bacteria, viruses), and genetic defects.
Hypoxia is the most common cause of cellular adaptation, marked by inadequate oxygen supply.
Types of adaptive changes include abnormal accumulation of intracellular substances, changes in cellular size or number, and cellular injury.

Types of Cellular Adaptive Changes

Abnormal Accumulation: Resulting from environmental changes or processing issues, leading to conditions like cellular swelling, lipid accumulation, or calcification.
Changes in Size/Numbers:
- Atrophy: Decrease in cell size.
- Dysplasia: Atypical cellular changes due to chronic irritation.
- Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number and tissue mass.
- Hypertrophy: Increase in individual cell size.
- Metaplasia: Replacement of one adult cell type by another.

Cellular Injury

Injury can be either sublethal (reversible) or lethal (irreversible).
Causes of cell injury include hypoxia, toxins, infectious agents, nutritional imbalances, and aging.
Sublethal Injury: Alters function without cell death; potentially reversible if the stimulus is removed.
Lethal Injury: Leads to cell death, which can be via:
- Infarction: Tissue death due to blood supply loss.
- Necrosis: Structural evidence of cell death.
- Apoptosis: Programmed cell death that occurs in pathologic situations.

Genetic Control and Inheritance

Nucleus houses chromosomes, which are DNA bundles containing genetic information, with humans having 23 pairs.
DNA is composed of nucleotides and carries genes, the unit of heredity responsible for coding proteins and enzymes.
Cell types include somatic (body) cells which reproduce by mitosis and germ cells which reproduce by meiosis.

Genetic and Congenital Disorders

Congenital disorders are present at birth and can arise from genetic factors, environmental influences, or rare intrauterine conditions.
Genetic disorders can be classified as:
- Single Gene Disorders: Caused by mutations in one gene.
- Autosomal Inheritance: Dominant (e.g., Marfan Syndrome) and recessive (e.g., Sickle Cell Disease).
- Sex-Linked Inheritance: Associated with the X chromosome.

Neoplasia and Tumors

Neoplasm: An abnormal mass of tissue.
Benign Tumors: Usually similar to the originating cells, grow slowly, and do not metastasize.
Malignant Tumors: Characterized by rapid growth, invasion of surrounding tissue, and metastasis.

Factors Differentiating Benign and Malignant Tumors

Benign tumors: Following features - slow growth, smooth edges, seldom recur after removal, minimal systemic effects.
Malignant tumors: Exhibit rapid growth, irregular borders, frequent recurrence, systemic effects common, and demonstrate metastasis.

Cancer and Carcinogenesis

Cancer begins with genetic mutations resulting in uncontrolled cell division and growth.
Causes include heredity, hormones, immunologic factors, carcinogens (chemicals, radiation), and oncogenic viruses.
Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process:
- Initiation: Alteration of DNA by carcinogens.

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Description

This quiz covers critical concepts from Lecture 3 of PATH200 & 310, focusing on neoplasia and genetics. It explores topics such as cellular adaptation, genetic control, neoplasm terminology, and the malignancy process. Additionally, it includes insights on tumor staging and grading.