Path Sci 1: Introduction to Transfusion Science

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Questions and Answers

Who is known as the 'Father of Blood Transfusion'?

William Harvey

James Blundell (correct)

Karl Landsteiner

Percy Oliver

What was used as a blood substitute in the 19th century?

Fruit juice

Milk (correct)

Tea

Water

What was discovered in 1900?

Refrigeration

Anticoagulant

Blood circulation

ABO Blood Groups (correct)

When was the National Blood Transfusion Service established?

1946 Signup and view all the answers

Who established the Army Blood Service during WW2?

Percy Oliver Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the three major advances in Blood Transfusion?

Reduced risk of adverse reactions Signup and view all the answers

When was the first known record of Blood Transfusion?

1494 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of platelets in the blood?

To plug wounds and prevent further blood loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red cells in the blood?

To transport oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Transfusion Science in diagnosis and treatment?

It has an integrated role in multi-disciplinary diagnosis and treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Buffy Coat' component of blood?

White cells and platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is the scope of Transfusion Science knowledge and practical competence?

Platelet immunology, transplantation, and transfusion practice, among others Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of diagnostic observations in blood samples?

To identify diseases and develop treatment plans Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Transfusion Support in disease treatment?

It is essential for disease treatment, providing necessary blood components Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Transfusion Journey?

To collect and process blood donations Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of plasma in the blood?

It contains clotting factors and antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of white cells in the blood?

to fight disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of clotting factors in plasma?

to form blood clots Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of diagnostic observations in blood samples?

to diagnose diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Transfusion Science in multi-disciplinary diagnosis and treatment?

to provide integrated diagnosis and treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of collecting blood donations?

to provide blood for transfusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the scope of Transfusion Science knowledge and practical competence?

inclusive of platelet immunology and transplantation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Transfusion Support in disease treatment?

to provide essential blood components Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red cells in the blood?

to transport oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Buffy Coat' component of blood?

white cells and platelets Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation behind the development of the Transfusion Journey?

To improve patient outcomes through integrated healthcare Signup and view all the answers

What historical figure was known for using blood as a life-restoring medium?

Vlad the Impaler Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of William Harvey's discovery in 1628?

The discovery of blood circulation Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Battle of Cambrai in 1917?

The establishment of the Army Blood Service Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of Percy Oliver in the development of blood transfusion?

He introduced the concept of voluntary donors Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the 19th century in the development of blood transfusion?

It saw the introduction of milk as a blood substitute Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the three major advances in blood transfusion?

The reduction of risk of adverse reactions in blood transfusions Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of Jean Denis in the development of blood transfusion?

He performed animal transfusions Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of 1914 in the development of blood transfusion?

Introduction of anticoagulant Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary motivation behind James Blundell's work in blood transfusion?

To improve transfusion safety across species Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the three major advances in blood transfusion?

Improved transfusion safety and reduced risk of adverse reactions Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of Dr. Richard Lower in the development of blood transfusion?

Conducting animal transfusions Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of 1494 in the history of blood transfusion?

First known record of blood transfusion Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Battle of Cambrai in 1917?

Establishment of the Army Blood Service Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of Jean Denis in the development of blood transfusion?

Conducting animal transfusions Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of 1900 in the development of blood transfusion?

Discovery of ABO Blood Groups Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of white cells in the blood?

to fight disease Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood contains clotting factors and antibodies?

Plasma Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Transfusion Science in diagnosis and treatment?

to provide integrated and multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of collecting blood donations in the Transfusion Journey?

to provide blood components for transfusion support Signup and view all the answers

What is the scope of Transfusion Science knowledge and practical competence?

inclusive of platelet immunology, transplantation, and blood donation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of plasma in the blood?

to contain clotting factors and antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of diagnostic observations in blood samples?

to identify diseases and provide treatment options Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'Buffy Coat' component of blood?

includes White Cells and Platelets Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of red cells in the blood?

to transport oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum storage period for Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) at a temperature of less than -25°C?

3 years Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of compatibility testing in blood transfusion?

To provide the recipient with a transfusion that is both beneficial and safe Signup and view all the answers

Why is patient identification crucial in blood transfusion therapy?

To prevent Haemolytic Transfusion Reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of special insulated containers with temperature insets during blood component transport?

To maintain the temperature of blood components during transport Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature are Red Cell Concentrates typically stored?

4°C Signup and view all the answers

Why is 'voluntary unpaid donors' essential in the blood donation process?

To ensure the safest possible blood for recipients Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Platelet Concentrates in blood transfusion therapy?

To support blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial aspect of transfusion therapy?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

How long can Platelet Concentrates be stored at 22°C with continuous agitation?

7 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of compatibility testing in transfusion therapy?

To ensure the safety of the blood for the recipient Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the crossmatch performed in the laboratory?

To determine the compatibility of donor red cells with patient red cell antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Why is strict criteria followed for donor selection or exclusion?

To ensure the safety of the donor and recipient Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of patient identification in transfusion therapy?

To ensure the correct administration of blood components Signup and view all the answers

Why is transportation of blood components to the hospital's 'Blood Bank' crucial?

To make blood components available for transfusion Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of transfusion therapy?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Why is storage of blood components important?

To make blood components available for transfusion Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Donor Health Questionnaire?

To assess the donor's overall health and eligibility to donate Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of blood withdrawn during a whole blood donation?

450mls Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of citrate anticoagulant in the blood collection system?

To prevent blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

How often can a donor donate whole blood?

Every 12-16 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Haemoglobin check during the donation process?

To check for anaemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Blood Typing during the testing process?

To determine the donor's blood type Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Window of Infectivity' concept?

To identify the period during which a donor can transmit a disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of collecting three donation samples for lab testing?

To ensure the accuracy of testing results Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of transfusing red cell concentrates in patients?

to improve the oxygen carrying capacity of the patient's blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of platelet concentrates transfusion?

to prevent microvascular bleeding or to treat bleeding episodes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of fresh frozen plasma transfusion?

to prevent microvascular bleeding due to abnormal coagulation Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the transfer of tissues or organs within one or between two individuals?

Organ transplantation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of allogeneic stem cell transplantation?

to exchange diseased organ with a healthy donor replacement Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of stem cells for transplantation?

Both a and b Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the register that had 21.1 million people joined as of 2015?

NHS Organ Donor Register Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of paediatric units in transplantation?

to perform solid organ and stem cell transplantation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Transfusion Science

Integrated role in multi-disciplinary patient healthcare
Stages of the 'Transfusion Journey'
Awareness of Stem Cell transplantation

Historical Aspects of Blood Transfusion

Blood as life restoring/preserving medium
- Vlad the impaler
- Elizabeth Bathory
1494: first known record (Pope Innocent VIII)
1628: blood circulation (William Harvey)
1660-70: animal transfusions
Dr Richard Lower and Jean Denis
19th Century: James Blundell - the 'Father of Blood Transfusion'
- transfusions must be same species
Late 19th Century in US: milk tried as a blood substitute
Three major advances reduced risk of adverse reactions
- 1900: ABO Blood Groups (Karl Landsteiner)
- 1914: anticoagulant
- 1915: refrigeration

The History of Blood Transfusion

1917: Battle of Cambrai
1921: Percy Oliver: voluntary donors
WW2: Army Blood Service established
Transfusion Centres in major cities
1946: National Blood Transfusion Service
2005: became NHS Blood and Transplant (NHS BT)

Transfusion Science 'Discipline'

Integrated role in multi-disciplinary diagnosis and treatment
Knowledge and Practical Competence
Platelet Immunology
Transplantation
Transfusion Stem Cell
Scientific Evidence
Blood Donation
Transplantation practice
Immunohaematological Conditions
Transfusion practice and Treatment
Regulations and Guidelines
Constituents of Blood Plasma
- 'Buffy Coat': includes White Cells and Platelets
- Red Cells

Blood Functions and Components

Primary Functions:
- transport oxygen
- remove waste
- plug wounds to prevent further blood loss
- fight disease
Components:
- red cells (erythrocytes)
- white cells (leucocytes)
- platelets (thrombocytes)
- plasma (contains clotting factors and antibodies)

The Transfusion Journey

Collecting Blood Donations
- Donor Assessment
- Donor Health Questionnaire
- Interviewed by a Healthcare Professional
- New donors have a physical assessment
- Sign a consent form
- Complete a Haemoglobin check
Whole Blood Donation
- 450mls of donor blood is withdrawn and collected
- Contains citrate anticoagulant
- Can donate every 12-16 weeks
Apheresis
- Allows direct collection of specific blood component

Testing the Donation Sample

Three donation samples are taken for lab testing
Mandatory Tests performed on ALL donations
- Blood Typing
- Red Cell Antibody Screening
- Microbiology Testing
- 'Window of Infectivity'
Additional Tests are performed on some donations
- e.g. Sickle Cell Trait

Processing Whole Blood Donations

Donated whole blood is processed into three main components for therapeutic use
- Red cell Concentrates
- Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
- Platelet Concentrates
Patient is only transfused with deficient component
More than one patient benefits from each donation
Individual components can be stored under optimal conditions to maintain viability and function

Introduction to Transfusion Science
- Aims to understand the integrated role of Transfusion Science in multi-disciplinary patient healthcare and the stages of the Transfusion Journey
- Includes awareness of Stem Cell transplantation
Historical Aspects of Blood Transfusion
- Blood seen as life-restoring and preserving medium throughout history
- Historical figures associated with blood transfusion: Vlad the Impaler, Elizabeth Bathory, Roman Gladiators
- 1494: First known record of blood transfusion (Pope Innocent VIII)
- 1628: Discovery of blood circulation by William Harvey
- 1660-70: Animal transfusions performed by Dr. Richard Lower and Jean Denis
- 19th Century: James Blundell, 'Father of Blood Transfusion', emphasized same-species transfusions
- Late 19th Century: Milk tried as blood substitute in the US
Development of Blood Transfusion
- Three major advances reduced risk of adverse reactions and allowed indirect transfusions
- 1900: Discovery of ABO Blood Groups by Karl Landsteiner
- 1914: Introduction of anticoagulant
- 1915: Introduction of refrigeration
- 1917: Battle of Cambrai led to the establishment of blood banks
- 1921: Voluntary donors introduced by Percy Oliver
- 1946: Establishment of National Blood Transfusion Service
- 2005年，英國移植與國家血液服務合併，成立NHSBT
Transfusion Science as a Discipline
- Transfusion Science is an integrated discipline involved in multi-disciplinary diagnosis and treatment
- Includes knowledge and practical competence in:
  - Platelet Immunology
  - Transplantation
  - Stem Cell Transplantation
  - Scientific Evidence
  - Blood Donation
  - Transplantation Practice
  - Immunohaematological Conditions
  - Transfusion Practice and Treatment
Blood Functions and Components
- Primary functions of blood: transport oxygen, remove waste, plug wounds, and fight disease
- Components of blood:
  - Red cells (erythrocytes)
  - White cells (leucocytes)
  - Platelets (thrombocytes)
  - Plasma (contains clotting factors and antibodies)
Diagnostic Observations in Blood Samples
- Blood samples aid in the diagnosis of diseases
- Treatment of diseases often requires transfusion support
The Transfusion Journey
- Involves collecting blood donations
Coagulation is when blood clots using clotting factors and platelets entangling red cells

Agglutination is when antibodies are used to stick multiple substances together in transfusion we use red cells

Plasma is obtained from anti-coagulated samples where clotting factors and platelets are temporarily deactivated but can be stimulated into activation, antibodies are accessible and red cells are free

Serum is obtained from clotted samples where clotting factors and platelets are used and red cells are coagulated, antibodies are still usable.

Plasma
- Plasma contains 90% water, clotting factors, albumin, antibodies, nutrients, and is capable of carryng around 30% of the carbon dioxide breathed out. Therefore, plasma is partically responsible for clotting, defending the body, carrying waste products transporting nutrients and inactivating harmful waste and is 55% of your blood volume.
- Plasma, contains antibodies, plasma proteins, nutrients, dissolved carbon dioxide (carbonic acid), clotting factors and complement proteins. Plasma is a complex aqueous mixture of salts, nutrients, clotting proetins and immunologically active proteins capable of neutralising, marking (opsonising), agglutinating and or destroying them.
Buffy Coat
- The Buffy coat contains, platelets, and white cells. These are responsible for instigating coagulation and fingting infection.
- The buffy coat is where the cellular components of the blood reside. Those cells that are less dense than red blood cells, but more dense than plasma, This contains white cells (leucocytes), polmorphic nuclear cells PMCs (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils), peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) (lymphocytes and monocytes). Buffy coats also contain platelets which instigate the clotting pathways.
Red blood cells
- Red blood cells are responsible for carrying over 90% of the oxygen we breathe to our cells, binding around 70% of the carbon dioxide our cells produce and buffering the acid within our blood. These red cells are non-nucleated biconcave discs and with white cells contribute 45% of your blood volume.
- Red blood cells, which last approximately 120 days in the peripheral circulation. They contain haemoglobin, which is responsible for transporting oxygen and 70% of the carbon dioxide found in blood. Red blood cells also release the buffering carbonate ions responsible for equilibrating the carbonic and lactic acids created through respiration whoch are then transported around the body.
Leeches are able to do this due to an anticoagulant protein called Hirudin. Hirudin is present in the saliva or leeches and maintains constant blood flow for the leech to feed on by keeping the blood liquid. Recombinant Hirudin can be used as an anticoagulant in place of Heparin when a patient is either allergic or intolerant of heparin.
水蛭之所以能夠做到這一點，是因為有一種叫做水蛭素的抗凝血蛋白。水蛭素存在於唾液或水蛭中，並通過保持血液液體來維持水蛭的恆定血流。當患者對肝素過敏或不耐受時，重組水蛭素可用作抗凝劑代替肝素。

Donating blood

Donor's sasfety is of paramount importance. Afterall if a donor can only donate once in their lifetime, then this somwehat shrinks your donor base after every blood drive.

The blood must be able to have a predictable impact on the patient and must not have a predictably negative impact on the donor. Therefore, all donors must be, over 17 years of age, under 66 years of age (if donating for the first time) weigh in excess of 50Kg, 450ml + 10% can be collected, their haemoglobin level must exceed a minimum (>135g/L for men, 125 g/L for women), as determined by using Copper Sulphate solutions and they cannot donate blood more than once every 16 weeks. For Apheresis (indivdual platelet donations this can be done once every 2 weeks).

Donors must also pass a rigourous screening process involving an in depth qiuestionairre regarding their lifestyle (if they take medication, sexual partners and history, donation history, those who are donating within two year of their last donation are trusted as known donors). Samples are takento ensure that blood is safe rather than relying on people telling the truth as partners of donors can engage in high risk behaviour, therefore, putting their partner and donated blood at risk. After donating, the donor has a sit down a cup of tea and a biscuit to recover.

Processing of blood

Processing of blood must conform to strict procedures and time limts to ensure the efficacy of the product. Therefore blood is often processed before it is tested.

Blood testing

Samples are taken at the point of donation and are tested for Hepatitis B (surface and core antigens), C and E, HTLV I - II (Human T-cell Lymphotrophic Virus), HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) I&II, Treponema Pallidum (Syphilis). PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) (DNA or RNA) tests are also used to test for Hepatitis B, C and HIV. These along with blood groups for A, B and O antigens and Rh D are mandatory results required for the blood to be usable.

Issuing of blood to a patient

Once all the testing is completed, blood can be sent to a hospital for them to check and ensure it is safe to use on a matched named patient. The blood can then be administered to them then.

Exclusionary jobs / roles and behaviours

Those engage in high risk activities such as skydiving, hang-gliding etc. cannot dontae before undertaking these activites (as there is a heightened risk of fainting and or collapse).

Simarlarly long distance lorry drivers, member of the police force, paramedics, firepeople cannot donate whilst on duty, for obvious reasons.

Homosexual females can donate. However homosexual males must wait three months since their last sexual encounter before donating.

New donor a donor who has not donated before, or has not donated blood or platelets within the last 2 years. This donor will go through a more rigorous screening procedure.

Known donor a trusted donor who donates regularly (within a rolling 2 year period).

Platelet donors these donors, donate 90 minutes of their time to donate platelets but not blood. They can donate every 2 weeks rather than every 16 weeks.

Samples only donors these donors are banned from donating for a period of time based upon the reason that they have been banned. they need to donate sample to demonstrate that they are clear from infection.

Excluded donors these donors are permanently banned from donating due to a serious infection, or a change in guidelines that means they are no longer eligible to donate.

Red cells: Red cells are the only product to contain large amounts of iron requiredd for bacterial growth. Therefore we try to store them at a temperature that prevents bacterial growth but doe not harm the cells. IN addition they are stored not only in an anticoagulant (Citrate phosphate Dextrose CPD), but a preservative media called SAG-M (Saline, adenine, glucose and mannitol).
紅細胞：紅細胞是唯一含有細菌生長所需大量鐵的產物。因此，我們嘗試將它們儲存在防止細菌生長但不會傷害細胞的溫度下。此外，它們不僅儲存在抗凝劑（檸檬酸磷酸葡萄糖CPD）中，還儲存在稱為SAG-M（鹽水，腺嘌呤，葡萄糖和甘露醇）的防腐劑介質中。

Saline - dilutes the product allow additional room between cells.
生理鹽水 - 稀釋產物，在細胞之間留出額外的空間。

Adenine - helps maintain the red cell membrane integrity
腺嘌呤 - 有助於維持紅細胞膜的完整性

Glucose - Acts as an energy source as red cells can only respire anaerobically
葡萄糖 - 作為能量來源，因為紅細胞只能厭氧呼吸

Mannitol - prevents bacterial growth.
甘露醇 - 防止細菌生長。

Red cells can be stored for up to 35 days in SAG-M or 28 in just CPD at a temperature of 4°C + 2ºC.
紅細胞可在 4°C + 2ºC 的溫度下在 SAG-M 中儲存長達 35 天，或在 CPD 中儲存長達 28 天。

Platelets: Platelets do not like being cold or still, if left too long without being rocked (agitated) they coagulate, same if they fall below 20°C for any length of time. Therefor platelets are kept in machines called rockers that agitate the platelets and maintain their temperature at 22ºC + 2ºC. Platelets only keep for 5 days or a maximum of 7 provided there is microbiology testing to ensure that they are not infected.
血小板：血小板不喜歡寒冷或靜止，如果放置時間過長而不搖晃（攪動），它們會凝固，如果它們低於 20°C 任何時間長度，它們也會凝固。因此，血小板被保存在稱為搖桿的機器中，這些機器攪動血小板並將其溫度保持在 22ºC + 2ºC。血小板只能保存 5 天或最多 7 天，前提是有微生物學測試以確保它們沒有被感染。

Plasma: Can be stored for up to 3 years at below -35ºC. Plasma has no cellular component therefore only the protein components such as clotting factors need to be usable. To ensure this Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) must be processed and stored within 8 hours of collection.
血漿：可在 -35ºC 以下儲存長達 3 年，血漿沒有細胞成分，因此只需要使用凝血因數等蛋白質成分。為確保這種新鮮冷凍血漿（FFP）必須在收集后 8 小時內進行處理和儲存。

Red cells should be used to treat anaemia and only when dietary iron can not be used instead. Giving a pack of red cells is risky as this add additional iron into someone's system and too much iron is not only toxic but also very hard to excrete. Packs of red cells are designed to increase the Hb level by around 10-20g/L this increases the oxygen and CO2 carrying capacity of the blood. It can be used to treat disease where patients may struggle to produce enough red cells e.g. Aplastic anaemia, Myeloma. Metabolic deficiencies that cause red cells to be more brittle e.g. G-6-PD deficiency. Conditions where the bone marrow cannot keep pace with the cells destruction e.g. AutoImmune Haemolytic Anaemia (AIHA), structural issues concerned with red cells of their content e.g. Rh null, Thalassaemia or Sickle cells disease. Or to help treat massive bleeding events such as internal bleeds or external wounds such as gunshot wounds or stabbings.
紅細胞應用於治療貧血，並且僅在不能使用膳食鐵的情況下使用。給一包紅細胞是有風險的，因為這會向某人的系統中添加額外的鐵，而過多的鐵不僅有毒，而且很難排出體外。紅細胞包旨在將 Hb 水準提高約 10-20g/L，從而增加血液的氧氣和一氧化碳 2 攜帶能力。它可用於治療患者可能難以產生足夠紅細胞的疾病，例如再生障礙性貧血、骨髓瘤。導致紅細胞更脆弱的代謝缺陷，例如 G-6-PD 缺乏症。骨髓無法跟上細胞破壞步伐的情況，例如自身免疫性溶血性貧血（AIHA），與其內容物的紅細胞有關的結構問題，例如 Rh null、地中海貧血或鐮狀細胞病。或幫助治療大量出血事件（如內出血）或外傷（如槍傷或刺傷）。

Platelets are use to treat low platelet numbers either caused by a disease or acquired conditions such as myeloblastic leukaemia, a thrombocytopenia brought on by a congenital disease e.g. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, or due to infection to agents such as CMV that lowers platelet numbers. Acute bleeding and blood cancers are another reason for thrombocytopenia (low platelet count). 1 adult therapeutic dose (ATD) of platelets is designed to raise the count by 20-40 x 109/L platelets. These can be used to help treat bleeds in the macrovasculature after severe injury or to prevent excessive bleeding from the microvasculature.
血小板用於治療由疾病或後天性病症引起的低血小板數量，例如成髓細胞白血病、由先天性疾病（例如 Wiskott-Aldrich 綜合征）引起的血小板減少症，或由於感染降低血小板數量的 CMV 等藥物。急性出血和血癌是血小板減少症（血小板計數低）的另一個原因。1 成人治療劑量（ATD）的血小板旨在將血小板計數提高 20-40 x 10 9 /L 血小板。這些可用於幫助治療嚴重損傷后大血管系統的出血或防止微血管系統出血過多。

Platelets are one aspect of the clotting pathway, but, not the entirety. Clotting factors are required to form the fibrin that makes up the majority of a clot. Insufficient clotting factors make for weak or non-existent clots. FFP make up a vital part of treatment of massive bleeding events especially where saline has been used to ensure that the blood volume is maintained as this dilutes the blood contents including the clotting factors.
血小板是凝血途徑的一個方面，但不是全部。凝血因數是形成構成血凝塊大部分的纖維蛋白所必需的。凝血因數不足會導致凝塊變弱或不存在。FFP 是治療大量出血事件的重要組成部分，尤其是在使用生理鹽水確保維持血容量的情況下，因為這會稀釋包括凝血因數在內的血液內容物。

Clotting factors are also an integral part of the treatment of diseases that are concerned with clotting factors e.g. Haemophilia.
凝血因數也是治療與凝血因數有關的疾病（例如血友病）的一個組成部分。

Children have a smaller circulatory system as they themselves are smaller. Therefore they need less blood product for the same effect. In addition to that paediatric blood circulating volumes are approximately 20-30ml / Kg patient weight. exceeding this can result in congestive heart failure. Therefore, by dispensing larger products into smaller bags gives small products capable of having a predictable outcomes for the patient in a volume that they can tolerate.
兒童的循環系統較小，因為他們本身較小。因此，他們需要更少的血液製品來達到相同的效果。除此之外，兒科血液迴圈量約為20-30ml/kg患者體重。超過此值可導致充血性心力衰竭。因此，通過將較大的產品分配到較小的袋子中，可以使較小的產品能夠以患者可以忍受的體積為患者提供可預測的結果。

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This quiz covers the basics of Transfusion Science, also known as Red Cell Immunohaematology, including its role in patient healthcare, the Transfusion Journey, and Stem Cell transplantation.

Path Sci 1: Introduction to Transfusion Science

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Questions and Answers

Who is known as the 'Father of Blood Transfusion'?

What was used as a blood substitute in the 19th century?

What was discovered in 1900?

When was the National Blood Transfusion Service established?

Who established the Army Blood Service during WW2?

What was the result of the three major advances in Blood Transfusion?

When was the first known record of Blood Transfusion?

What is the main function of platelets in the blood?

What is the primary function of red cells in the blood?

What is the role of Transfusion Science in diagnosis and treatment?

What is the 'Buffy Coat' component of blood?

What is the scope of Transfusion Science knowledge and practical competence?

What is the purpose of diagnostic observations in blood samples?

What is the role of Transfusion Support in disease treatment?

What is the purpose of the Transfusion Journey?

What is the role of plasma in the blood?

What is the primary function of white cells in the blood?

What is the role of clotting factors in plasma?

What is the purpose of diagnostic observations in blood samples?

What is the role of Transfusion Science in multi-disciplinary diagnosis and treatment?

What is the purpose of collecting blood donations?

What is the scope of Transfusion Science knowledge and practical competence?

What is the role of Transfusion Support in disease treatment?

What is the primary function of red cells in the blood?

What is the 'Buffy Coat' component of blood?

What was the primary motivation behind the development of the Transfusion Journey?

What historical figure was known for using blood as a life-restoring medium?

What was the significance of William Harvey's discovery in 1628?

What was the outcome of the Battle of Cambrai in 1917?

What was the role of Percy Oliver in the development of blood transfusion?

What was the significance of the 19th century in the development of blood transfusion?

What was the outcome of the three major advances in blood transfusion?

What was the role of Jean Denis in the development of blood transfusion?

What was the significance of 1914 in the development of blood transfusion?

What was the primary motivation behind James Blundell's work in blood transfusion?

What was the outcome of the three major advances in blood transfusion?

What was the role of Dr. Richard Lower in the development of blood transfusion?

What was the significance of 1494 in the history of blood transfusion?

What was the outcome of the Battle of Cambrai in 1917?

What was the role of Jean Denis in the development of blood transfusion?

What was the significance of 1900 in the development of blood transfusion?

What is the primary function of white cells in the blood?

Which component of blood contains clotting factors and antibodies?

What is the role of Transfusion Science in diagnosis and treatment?

What is the purpose of collecting blood donations in the Transfusion Journey?

What is the scope of Transfusion Science knowledge and practical competence?

What is the role of plasma in the blood?

What is the purpose of diagnostic observations in blood samples?

What is the 'Buffy Coat' component of blood?

What is the primary function of red cells in the blood?

What is the maximum storage period for Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) at a temperature of less than -25°C?

What is the primary aim of compatibility testing in blood transfusion?

Why is patient identification crucial in blood transfusion therapy?

What is the purpose of special insulated containers with temperature insets during blood component transport?

At what temperature are Red Cell Concentrates typically stored?

Why is 'voluntary unpaid donors' essential in the blood donation process?

What is the primary function of Platelet Concentrates in blood transfusion therapy?

What is a crucial aspect of transfusion therapy?

How long can Platelet Concentrates be stored at 22°C with continuous agitation?

What is the main purpose of compatibility testing in transfusion therapy?

What is the purpose of the crossmatch performed in the laboratory?

Why is strict criteria followed for donor selection or exclusion?

What is the main purpose of patient identification in transfusion therapy?

Why is transportation of blood components to the hospital's 'Blood Bank' crucial?

What is a key aspect of transfusion therapy?

Why is storage of blood components important?

What is the purpose of a Donor Health Questionnaire?

What is the volume of blood withdrawn during a whole blood donation?

What is the purpose of citrate anticoagulant in the blood collection system?

How often can a donor donate whole blood?

What is the purpose of the Haemoglobin check during the donation process?

What is the purpose of Blood Typing during the testing process?

What is the purpose of the 'Window of Infectivity' concept?

What is the purpose of collecting three donation samples for lab testing?

What is the primary purpose of transfusing red cell concentrates in patients?

What is the main purpose of platelet concentrates transfusion?