Preventive Medicine: Preventive Medicine 2

<p>To measure the effectiveness of a new vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To neutralize the bacterial toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immunocompromised individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active immunization involves the development of long-term immunity, while passive immunization involves the administration of pre-formed antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To rule out the risk of an adverse reaction to the antitoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate the protective efficacy of the vaccine during a specific time period</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VE = AR(unvaccinated) - AR(vaccinated) × 100 / AR(unvaccinated)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selection bias on the part of clinicians and individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To overcome the problem of large sample sizes required for randomized field trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased vaccine effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AR = Number of persons ill / Number of persons exposed to the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can ensure that no selection bias occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced influenza mortality rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate the protective efficacy of the vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The odds ratio (OR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vaccine showed fairly good efficacy against strains contained in the vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To adjust for the duration of exposure to measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce the risk that new schoolchildren will be exposed to measles and bring the disease home to younger siblings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Humans as the sole reservoir of the infectious organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ID = Number of new cases of a disease / Person-time of exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vaccine was neutralized by residual maternal antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 or 6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of measles in newborns</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The measles vaccine loses its protective ability slowly during the first 6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because of the cost and risk of developing and making vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At least 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clinicians do not vaccinate children who have mild upper respiratory tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mild reaction to a previous DTP or DTaP dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Few companies willing to make vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opportunities to vaccinate siblings of the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect asymptomatic disease or a risk factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A diagnostic test is performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Screening is for asymptomatic individuals, while case finding is in a clinical setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid doing net harm to healthy individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are always valuable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure they are valuable and cost-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Case finding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure they are valuable and cost-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because there is no effective therapy for the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The disease is serious</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To test large numbers of individuals for one or more diseases or risk factors in a community setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There must be an effective therapy for the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because many false-positive test results would be expected for each true finding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To know that there is a significant window of time during which the disease is detectable and a cure or at least effective treatment would occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Screening is for individuals who are not seeking medical care, while case finding is for individuals who are seeking medical care</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce case finding, if problems are discovered, and is considered “good medicine”</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There must be an effective therapy for the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To test large numbers of individuals for one or more diseases or risk factors in a community setting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The test may produce many false-positives</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cost of screening is very high</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Access to follow-up testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To rule out actual disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It must be quick, easy, and inexpensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The characteristics of the screening test may be different in the population screened</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure the data obtained are epidemiologically useful</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand the operating characteristics of the screening test</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is unethical and makes no medical sense</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clearly defining responsibilities and cutoff points</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The yield of detection is low, and only a small proportion of cancers can be cured</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced morbidity and mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anxiety from false-positive results</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Professionals' obligation to show benefits outweigh costs and risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify disease in the early, presymptomatic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False reassurance for patients with false-negative tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Method safety with minimal side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They live longer than individuals with aggressive tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The repeated screening may detect only incident cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of a false-positive finding increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make community efforts more efficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It detects many diseases or abnormal conditions that have been found earlier and are already being treated</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of a false-positive finding is more than 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overdiagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid disappointing results</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The probability of a disease-free person being recalled for further testing increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They result in a relatively high frequency of false-positive results</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delayed medical visits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased worry and lost quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Falsely reassuring clinicians</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detrimental health effects on others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False-positive results are common and often lead to unnecessary invasive testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is difficult to establish the value of a community screening effort without a randomized controlled trial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may make the program find more cases than expected in the general population, exaggerating the apparent utility of screening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lead-time bias occurs when screening detects disease earlier, while length bias occurs when screening detects disease later.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To help individuals make informed decisions about screening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The group that underwent multiphasic screening spent more nights in the hospital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can identify genetic traits that contribute to the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has led to a decrease in the incidence of certain diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The genetic abnormality must correspond to a specific disease or increased risk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is little evidence of clinical utility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gene expression can be influenced by environmental stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difficulty of integrating all recommended screening tests into a clinical encounter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prenatal genetic testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The psychological impact of genetic test results on patients is often counterintuitive and poorly understood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are biased towards overestimating screening benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide health maintenance and disease prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doubts were raised about their routine use</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rise of health maintenance organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lifetime health monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were found to be beneficial</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk age</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate their usefulness in disease prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A higher risk of dying</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mixed results from various studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They focus on mortality and not quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To only recommend screening programs with unequivocal evidence of benefits in patient outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Height, weight, blood pressure, cholesterol level, and previous and present diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To educate the individual on their risk factors and offer interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specialty organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is time-consuming</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To motivate people to make changes in a positive direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Screening is used for asymptomatic populations, while case finding is used for symptomatic populations</p> Signup and view all the answers