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Questions and Answers
Which type of solubility curves shows sudden changes of solubilities?
Which type of solubility curves shows sudden changes of solubilities?
- Continuous solubility curves
- Linear solubility curves
- Constant solubility curves
- Discontinuous solubility curves (correct)
Which substance shows exceptional behavior with its solubility decreasing as temperature increases?
Which substance shows exceptional behavior with its solubility decreasing as temperature increases?
- Ce2(SO4)3 (correct)
- Pb(NO3)2
- KCl
- NaCl
Which compound shows a very small change in solubility from 0°C to 100°C?
Which compound shows a very small change in solubility from 0°C to 100°C?
- K2Cr2O7
- NaNO3
- CaCl2
- NaCl (correct)
What type of solubility curve is represented by K2Cr2O7, Pb(NO3)2, and CaCl2?
What type of solubility curve is represented by K2Cr2O7, Pb(NO3)2, and CaCl2?
Which compound's solubility becomes constant from 40°C onwards?
Which compound's solubility becomes constant from 40°C onwards?
What causes discontinuous solubility curves?
What causes discontinuous solubility curves?
What is the term used to describe the stage where increasing dilution produces no further heat change?
What is the term used to describe the stage where increasing dilution produces no further heat change?
What happens when ionic compounds are dissolved in water?
What happens when ionic compounds are dissolved in water?
What is the term for the process in which water molecules surround and interact with solute ions or molecules?
What is the term for the process in which water molecules surround and interact with solute ions or molecules?
What are the ions surrounded by water molecules called?
What are the ions surrounded by water molecules called?
What determines the number of water molecules surrounding a given ion?
What determines the number of water molecules surrounding a given ion?
What does high charge density indicate for a small, highly charged positive ion?
What does high charge density indicate for a small, highly charged positive ion?
What property of solutions is being discussed in the text regarding the elevation of boiling point?
What property of solutions is being discussed in the text regarding the elevation of boiling point?
Which graph is typically used to illustrate the depression of freezing point in solutions?
Which graph is typically used to illustrate the depression of freezing point in solutions?
Why do freezing points of solutions decrease when non-volatile solutes are added to volatile solvents?
Why do freezing points of solutions decrease when non-volatile solutes are added to volatile solvents?
What property of a solution is discussed when analyzing the energetics of solution?
What property of a solution is discussed when analyzing the energetics of solution?
In which scenario would you use molality instead of molarity to express concentration?
In which scenario would you use molality instead of molarity to express concentration?
What does the mole fraction of a solute represent in an aqueous solution?
What does the mole fraction of a solute represent in an aqueous solution?
What is the formula to calculate parts per million (ppm)?
What is the formula to calculate parts per million (ppm)?
In the example provided about sea water, what is the concentration of oxygen in parts per million (ppm)?
In the example provided about sea water, what is the concentration of oxygen in parts per million (ppm)?
Which unit of concentration conversion is usually done when we know the formula masses and densities of solutes or solutions?
Which unit of concentration conversion is usually done when we know the formula masses and densities of solutes or solutions?
What is the correct formula to convert molarity to molality?
What is the correct formula to convert molarity to molality?
Which concentration unit conversion is essential for laboratory work involving fractions of acids?
Which concentration unit conversion is essential for laboratory work involving fractions of acids?
In the context provided, which conversion unit is used for interconverting various concentration units?
In the context provided, which conversion unit is used for interconverting various concentration units?
What does the difference of the two freezing points provide?
What does the difference of the two freezing points provide?
In the freezing point depression formula M2 = Kf 1000 W2 ∆Tf W1, what does 'M2' represent?
In the freezing point depression formula M2 = Kf 1000 W2 ∆Tf W1, what does 'M2' represent?
What is the significance of adding a non-volatile compound to a solution in terms of its freezing point?
What is the significance of adding a non-volatile compound to a solution in terms of its freezing point?
How does the presence of a solute affect the liquid range of a solution?
How does the presence of a solute affect the liquid range of a solution?
What is the most common application mentioned for using antifreeze in an automobile radiator?
What is the most common application mentioned for using antifreeze in an automobile radiator?
How does Beckmann's freezing point apparatus contribute to determining properties of solutions?
How does Beckmann's freezing point apparatus contribute to determining properties of solutions?
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Study Notes
Heat of Dilution
- The heat of dilution decreases gradually, and eventually, increasing the dilution produces no further heat change.
- This occurs when there are 800-1000 moles of water to one mole of solute, a stage called infinite dilution.
- The heat of solution is expressed as: NaCl(s) + H2O → NaCl(aq) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) with a ∆Hsoln = +4.98 kJ mol-1.
Hydration
- When ionic compounds are dissolved in water, they are dissociated into ions.
- Negative ions are surrounded by water molecules, with the partial positively charged hydrogen atoms of water surrounding and attracting the anions with electrostatic forces of attraction.
- Similarly, positive ions of the solute create attractions with partial negative oxygen atoms of water molecules.
- The process of water molecules surrounding and interacting with solute ions or molecules is called hydration.
- The number of water molecules surrounding a given ion depends on the size of the ions and the magnitude of its charge (charge/area).
Concentration Units
- Parts per million (ppm) is a unit used for very low concentrations of solutions, e.g., to express the impurities of substances in water.
- ppm = Mass of solute x 10^6 / Mass of solution.
Interconversion of Concentration Units
- It is possible to convert one unit of concentration into another, such as converting molarity to molality or w/w percentage.
- This conversion is done if we know the formula masses and the densities of the solutes or solutions.
Energetics of Solution
- The heat of solution can be exothermic (releasing heat) or endothermic (absorbing heat).
- The energetics of solution involve the heat of solution, which can be calculated using the heat of hydration and the lattice energy of the solute.
Solubility Curves
- Solubility curves are graphical representations of the temperature vs. solubility of a solution.
- There are two types of solubility curves: continuous and discontinuous.
- Continuous solubility curves show a gradual change in solubility with temperature, while discontinuous solubility curves show sudden changes in solubility.
Applications of Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
- The presence of a solute increases the liquid range of the solution by raising the boiling point and lowering the freezing point.
- This phenomenon has important applications, such as the use of antifreeze in the radiator of an automobile.
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