Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech

• Nouns:
  • Proper nouns: names of specific people, places, or things (e.g. John, London)
  • Common nouns: general terms (e.g. dog, city)
  • Collective nouns: groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, flock)
  • Abstract nouns: intangible concepts (e.g. happiness, freedom)
• Verbs:
  • Action verbs: express action or occurrence (e.g. run, eat)
  • Linking verbs: connect subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem)
  • Helping verbs: used to form tense, mood, or voice (e.g. will, would)
• Adjectives:
  • Modify nouns or pronouns (e.g. big, happy)
  • Quantitative adjectives: express quantity (e.g. five, tenth)
  • Qualitative adjectives: express quality (e.g. good, beautiful)
• Adverbs:
  • Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g. quickly, very)
  • Time adverbs: express time (e.g. yesterday, soon)
  • Place adverbs: express location (e.g. here, there)
• Pronouns:
  • Replace nouns in a sentence (e.g. he, she, it)
  • Personal pronouns: refer to people or animals (e.g. I, you, he)
  • Possessive pronouns: show ownership (e.g. my, your, his)

Sentences

• Independent Clauses:
  • Contain a subject and a predicate
  • Express a complete thought
• Dependent Clauses:
  • Contain a subject and a predicate, but cannot stand alone
  • Begin with a subordinating conjunction (e.g. because, although)
• Sentence Types:
  • Declarative: states a fact or opinion
  • Interrogative: asks a question
  • Imperative: gives a command or makes a request
  • Exclamatory: expresses strong emotions

Verb Tenses

• Present Tense:
  • Used to describe current actions or states
  • Forms: base form, -s/-es for singular nouns, -ing for progressive
• Past Tense:
  • Used to describe completed actions or states
  • Forms: -ed for regular verbs, irregular verb forms
• Future Tense:
  • Used to describe future actions or states
  • Forms: will + base form, going to + base form
• Perfect Tenses:
  • Used to describe completed actions with a connection to the present
  • Forms: has/had + past participle, have/had + past participle
• Progressive Tenses:
  • Used to describe ongoing actions or states
  • Forms: is/was/am + -ing, were + -ing

Modality

• Modal Verbs:
  • Express degrees of possibility, necessity, or obligation
  • Examples: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would
• Modal Verb Forms:
  • Present: ability, permission, or possibility
  • Past: ability, permission, or possibility in the past
  • Future: prediction, intention, or obligation

Clause and Phrase Structures

• Independent and Dependent Clauses:
  • Independent clauses: complete thoughts
  • Dependent clauses: incomplete thoughts, begin with subordinating conjunctions
• Phrases:
  • Noun phrases: function as a noun
  • Verb phrases: function as a verb
  • Adjective phrases: function as an adjective
  • Adverb phrases: function as an adverb

Parts of Speech

• Nouns can be proper (specific people, places, or things), common (general terms), collective (groups), or abstract (intangible concepts)
• Verbs can be action (express action or occurrence), linking (connect subject to additional information), or helping (used to form tense, mood, or voice)
• Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns and can be quantitative (express quantity) or qualitative (express quality)
• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and can express time, place, or manner
• Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence and can be personal (refer to people or animals), possessive (show ownership), or reflexive (refer back to the subject)

Sentences

• Independent Clauses contain a subject and a predicate and express a complete thought
• Dependent Clauses contain a subject and a predicate, but begin with a subordinating conjunction and cannot stand alone
• Sentences can be declarative (state a fact or opinion), interrogative (ask a question), imperative (give a command), or exclamatory (express strong emotions)

Verb Tenses

• Present Tense describes current actions or states and has forms like base form, -s/-es for singular nouns, and -ing for progressive
• Past Tense describes completed actions or states and has forms like -ed for regular verbs and irregular verb forms
• Future Tense describes future actions or states and has forms like will + base form or going to + base form
• Perfect Tenses describe completed actions with a connection to the present and have forms like has/had + past participle or have/had + past participle
• Progressive Tenses describe ongoing actions or states and have forms like is/was/am + -ing or were + -ing

Modality

• Modal Verbs express degrees of possibility, necessity, or obligation and include can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, and would
• Modal Verb Forms express ability, permission, or possibility in the present, past, or future

Clause and Phrase Structures

• Independent and Dependent Clauses differ in that independent clauses are complete thoughts while dependent clauses are incomplete thoughts that begin with subordinating conjunctions
• Phrases can be noun phrases (function as a noun), verb phrases (function as a verb), adjective phrases (function as an adjective), or adverb phrases (function as an adverb)