Parts of Speech Overview

Nouns: Names of people, places, things, or ideas (e.g., dog, city, love).
- Types: Common, proper, collective, abstract.
Pronouns: Replace nouns (e.g., he, she, it, they).
- Types: Personal, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative.
Verbs: Express actions or states of being (e.g., run, is).
- Types: Action, linking, auxiliary.
Adjectives: Describe nouns (e.g., blue, tall, interesting).
- Function: Modify nouns to provide more detail.
Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very).
- Function: Indicate manner, place, time, frequency, or degree.
Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words (e.g., in, on, at).
Conjunctions: Connect words or groups of words (e.g., and, but, or).
- Types: Coordinating, subordinating, correlative.
Interjections: Express emotion or exclamation (e.g., wow, ouch).

Simple Sentence: Contains a subject and a verb (e.g., The cat sleeps).
Compound Sentence: Contains two independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g., I like tea, but she prefers coffee).
Complex Sentence: Contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (e.g., Although it rained, we went hiking).
Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (e.g., I went to the park because it was sunny, and my friend joined me).

Present Simple: Describes habitual actions (e.g., I eat).
Present Continuous: Describes ongoing actions (e.g., I am eating).
Past Simple: Describes completed actions (e.g., I ate).
Past Continuous: Describes ongoing actions in the past (e.g., I was eating).
Future Simple: Describes actions that will happen (e.g., I will eat).
Future Continuous: Describes ongoing actions in the future (e.g., I will be eating).

Subjects and verbs must agree in number (singular/plural).
- Singular subject + singular verb (e.g., The dog barks).
- Plural subject + plural verb (e.g., The dogs bark).

Run-on Sentences: Incorrectly combining multiple independent clauses without punctuation.
Fragment Sentences: Incomplete sentences lacking a subject or verb.
Misplaced Modifiers: Words or phrases that are placed too far from the word they modify, causing confusion.
Subject-Verb Disagreement: When the subject and verb do not match in number.

Active Voice: Subject performs the action (e.g., The chef cooked the meal).
Passive Voice: Subject receives the action (e.g., The meal was cooked by the chef).

Direct Speech: Quoting someone's exact words (e.g., She said, "I am tired").
Indirect Speech: Paraphrasing what someone said (e.g., She said that she was tired).

Nouns: Words that identify people, places, things, or ideas, categorized into common (e.g., teachers), proper (e.g., London), collective (e.g., team), and abstract (e.g., freedom).
Pronouns: Substitutes for nouns to avoid repetition, including personal (e.g., he, she), possessive (e.g., his, hers), reflexive (e.g., myself), and demonstrative (e.g., this, those).
Verbs: Indicate actions or states, classified into action (e.g., jump), linking (e.g., seem), and auxiliary (e.g., have).
Adjectives: Words that describe or modify nouns, providing additional details such as color, size, and interest level (e.g., colorful, large).
Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, specifying manner (e.g., quickly), place (e.g., here), time (e.g., now), frequency (e.g., often), or degree (e.g., very).
Prepositions: Words that express relationships between nouns/pronouns and other elements (e.g., under, between).
Conjunctions: Words connecting phrases or clauses, including coordinating (e.g., and, but), subordinating (e.g., because), and correlative (e.g., either...or).
Interjections: Words expressing sudden emotions or reactions, often standalone (e.g., hooray, yikes).

Simple Sentence: Contains one subject and one verb, conveying a complete thought (e.g., The dog barks).
Compound Sentence: Combines two independent clauses using a conjunction to express related ideas (e.g., She likes coffee, and he prefers tea).
Complex Sentence: Includes an independent clause and at least one dependent clause, offering more nuanced information (e.g., Because I was tired, I went to bed early).
Compound-Complex Sentence: Merges multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause for more detailed expression (e.g., I traveled to Spain, and I visited Paris because I enjoyed art).

Present Simple: Describes regular actions or truths (e.g., She reads daily).
Present Continuous: Indicates actions currently in progress (e.g., They are studying).
Past Simple: Describes completed actions (e.g., He finished the test).
Past Continuous: Represents actions that were happening at a certain time in the past (e.g., We were watching a movie).
Future Simple: Used to express actions that will occur (e.g., I will call you).
Future Continuous: Describes actions that will be ongoing in the future (e.g., I will be working at 8 PM).

Subject and verb must match in number, with singular subjects taking singular verbs and plural subjects taking plural verbs, ensuring clarity in sentences.

Periods: Used to mark the end of declarative sentences.
Commas: Indicate pauses, separate items in lists, and demarcate clauses for clarity.
Semicolons: Join closely related independent clauses, enhancing sentence fluency.
Colons: Introduce lists, direct quotes, or further explanations.
Question Marks: Conclude interrogative sentences, indicating inquiries.
Exclamation Points: Emphasize strong emotions or urgent remarks.

Run-on Sentences: Incorrectly linked independent clauses lacking appropriate punctuation.
Fragment Sentences: Incomplete thoughts missing either a subject or a verb, leading to confusion.
Misplaced Modifiers: Words or phrases incorrectly distanced from the nouns they modify, affecting sentence clarity.
Subject-Verb Disagreement: Occurs when the subject and verb do not correspond in number, leading to grammatical errors.

Active Voice: The subject of the sentence performs the action (e.g., The student completed the homework).
Passive Voice: The subject receives the action, often making the doer less important or omitted (e.g., The homework was completed by the student).

Direct Speech: Accurately quotes a person's words (e.g., He said, "I will go to the store").
Indirect Speech: Paraphrases someone's words without quoting them exactly (e.g., He said that he would go to the store).