Parts of Speech Overview

Nouns
- Definition: Words that name people, places, things, or ideas.
- Types: Common, proper, abstract, collective.
Pronouns
- Definition: Words that replace nouns.
- Types: Personal, possessive, reflexive, relative, demonstrative, interrogative.
Verbs
- Definition: Words that express action or state of being.
- Types: Action (transitive and intransitive), linking, auxiliary.
Adjectives
- Definition: Words that describe or modify nouns.
- Types: Descriptive, quantitative, demonstrative, possessive, interrogative.
Adverbs
- Definition: Words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
- Types: Manner, time, place, frequency, degree.
Prepositions
- Definition: Words that show relationships between nouns (or pronouns) and other words in a sentence.
- Examples: in, on, at, between, under, over.
Conjunctions
- Definition: Words that connect clauses, sentences, or words.
- Types: Coordinating (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), subordinating (although, because, since), correlative (either/or, neither/nor).
Interjections
- Definition: Words that express strong emotion or surprise.
- Examples: Oh!, Wow!, Ouch!, Hooray!

Simple Sentences
- Contains one independent clause.
- Example: The cat sleeps.
Compound Sentences
- Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.
- Example: The cat sleeps, and the dog barks.
Complex Sentences
- Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
- Example: The cat sleeps when it is tired.
Compound-Complex Sentences
- Contains at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
- Example: The cat sleeps when it is tired, and the dog barks loudly.

Present
- Simple: I walk.
- Continuous: I am walking.
- Perfect: I have walked.
- Perfect Continuous: I have been walking.
Past
- Simple: I walked.
- Continuous: I was walking.
- Perfect: I had walked.
- Perfect Continuous: I had been walking.
Future
- Simple: I will walk.
- Continuous: I will be walking.
- Perfect: I will have walked.
- Perfect Continuous: I will have been walking.

Periods (.)
- Used to end declarative sentences.
Commas (,)
- Used to separate items in a list, join independent clauses, and set off non-essential information.
Question Marks (?)
- Used at the end of interrogative sentences.
Exclamation Points (!)
- Used to express strong emotion.
Colons (:)
- Used to introduce lists or explanations.
Semicolons (;)
- Used to connect closely related independent clauses.

Active Voice
- The subject performs the action.
- Example: The chef cooked the meal.
Passive Voice
- The subject receives the action.
- Example: The meal was cooked by the chef.

Nouns: Name entities like people, places, things, or ideas. Types include common, proper, abstract, and collective.
Pronouns: Replace nouns to avoid repetition. Types consist of personal, possessive, reflexive, relative, demonstrative, and interrogative.
Verbs: Express actions or states of being. Types are action verbs (transitive or intransitive), linking verbs, and auxiliary verbs.
Adjectives: Describe or modify nouns, categorized as descriptive, quantitative, demonstrative, possessive, or interrogative.
Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Types include manner, time, place, frequency, and degree.
Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns (or pronouns) and other sentence elements. Examples include in, on, at, between, under, and over.
Conjunctions: Connect clauses, sentences, or words. Types are coordinating (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so), subordinating (although, because, since), and correlative (either/or, neither/nor).
Interjections: Express strong emotion or surprise. Examples are Oh!, Wow!, Ouch!, and Hooray!

Simple Sentences: Contain one independent clause. Example: "The cat sleeps."
Compound Sentences: Include two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction. Example: "The cat sleeps, and the dog barks."
Complex Sentences: Feature one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Example: "The cat sleeps when it is tired."
Compound-Complex Sentences: Have at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Example: "The cat sleeps when it is tired, and the dog barks loudly."

Present Tense:
- Simple: "I walk."
- Continuous: "I am walking."
- Perfect: "I have walked."
- Perfect Continuous: "I have been walking."
Past Tense:
- Simple: "I walked."
- Continuous: "I was walking."
- Perfect: "I had walked."
- Perfect Continuous: "I had been walking."
Future Tense:
- Simple: "I will walk."
- Continuous: "I will be walking."
- Perfect: "I will have walked."
- Perfect Continuous: "I will have been walking."

Periods (.): Indicate the end of declarative sentences.
Commas (,): Separate items in a list, join independent clauses, and set off non-essential information.
Question Marks (?): Used to end interrogative sentences.
Exclamation Points (!): Express strong emotions.
Colons (:): Introduce lists or explanations.
Semicolons (;): Connect closely related independent clauses.

Subjects and verbs must agree in number, whether singular or plural. Example: "She runs" (singular) vs. "They run" (plural).

Active Voice: The subject performs the action. Example: "The chef cooked the meal."
Passive Voice: The subject receives the action. Example: "The meal was cooked by the chef."