Parts of Speech

Nouns: Words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
- Common nouns: general terms (e.g. city, dog)
- Proper nouns: specific names (e.g. John, New York)
- Collective nouns: groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, herd)
Pronouns: Words that replace nouns in a sentence
- Personal pronouns: replace nouns referring to people or animals (e.g. I, he, she)
- Possessive pronouns: show ownership (e.g. my, your, his)
- Reflexive pronouns: refer back to the subject (e.g. myself, yourself)
Verbs: Words that express action or a state of being
- Action verbs: express physical or mental action (e.g. run, think)
- Linking verbs: connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem)
- Helping verbs: used to form verb tenses (e.g. will, would)
Adjectives: Words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns
- Quantitative adjectives: describe quantity (e.g. five, many)
- Qualitative adjectives: describe qualities (e.g. happy, blue)
Adverbs: Words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Manner adverbs: describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly)
- Time adverbs: describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon)
- Place adverbs: describe where something is done (e.g. here, there)

Simple sentences: One independent clause
Compound sentences: Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
Complex sentences: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Compound-complex sentences: Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Independent clauses: Complete sentences with a subject and verb
Dependent clauses: Incomplete sentences with a subject and verb, but cannot stand alone
- Subordinate clauses: begin with a subordinating conjunction (e.g. because, although)
- Relative clauses: begin with a relative pronoun (e.g. who, which)

Subject-verb agreement: The subject and verb must agree in number (singular or plural)
Tense consistency: Verbs in a sentence or paragraph should be in the same tense
Modifier placement: Modifiers should be placed near the word they modify
Parallel structure: Similar elements in a sentence or list should be in the same grammatical form

Nouns refer to people, places, things, and ideas
Nouns can be common (general terms), proper (specific names), or collective (groups)
Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence and can be personal, possessive, or reflexive
Verbs express action or a state of being and can be action, linking, or helping verbs
Adjectives describe or modify nouns or pronouns and can be quantitative or qualitative
Adverbs describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and can be manner, time, or place adverbs

Simple sentences have one independent clause
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
Complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Compound-complex sentences have two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Independent clauses are complete sentences with a subject and verb
Dependent clauses are incomplete sentences with a subject and verb, but cannot stand alone
Dependent clauses can be subordinate clauses (begin with a subordinating conjunction) or relative clauses (begin with a relative pronoun)

The subject and verb must agree in number (singular or plural) in subject-verb agreement
Verbs in a sentence or paragraph should be in the same tense in tense consistency
Modifiers should be placed near the word they modify in modifier placement
Similar elements in a sentence or list should be in the same grammatical form in parallel structure