Parts Of Speech Chapter 12 Flashcards

Nouns

• Nouns represent people, places, things, ideas, or qualities.

Pronouns

• Pronouns substitute for nouns and can act as nouns. Common examples include I, he, she, it, they, we.
• Relative pronouns introduce subordinate clauses and function as subjects or objects.

Modifying Nouns

• Nouns and verb forms can modify other nouns, as seen in combinations like office buildings or singing birds.

Prepositions

• Prepositions connect nouns or pronouns to other words in a sentence, such as about, at, for, of, and with.

Prepositional Phrases

• A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers. They can act as adjectives or adverbs.

Predicate

• The predicate describes what is said about the subject and follows the subject in a sentence.

Verbs

• Verbs express actions, occurrences, or states of being.

Helping Verbs

• Auxiliary verbs, such as do, have, can, and will, combine with main verbs to convey tense and additional meanings.

Verbals and Verbal Phrases

• Verbals (e.g., smoking, hidden) can function as nouns or modifiers but are not used as complete predicates in a sentence.

Participle and Participle Phrases

• Verbs have two participle forms: present (ending in -ing) and past (ending in -d or -ed). Participle phrases usually act as adjectives.

Adverbs

• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and can take positive, comparative, and superlative forms.

Adjectives

• Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns and also appear in positive, comparative, and superlative forms.

Articles or Determiners

• Articles (the, a, an) indicate that a noun follows.

Conjunctions

• Conjunctions link words, phrases, and clauses. They can be coordinating, correlative, or subordinating.

Interjections

• Interjections convey emotions or attention and can stand alone or be incorporated into sentences (e.g., hey, wow).

Sentence Types

• Four main types: declarative, imperative, exclamatory, and interrogative.

Sentence Structure

• A sentence consists of a complete subject and a complete verb.

Simple Sentences

• Simple sentences contain a single subject and verb but can also have compound subjects and/or verbs.

Compound Sentences

• Compound sentences consist of two independent clauses joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction or a semicolon.

Complex Sentences

• Complex sentences combine an independent clause with a dependent clause, which begins with a subordinating conjunction.

Compound-Complex Sentences

• Combine two independent clauses and one dependent clause.

Appositive Phrase

• An appositive renames or restates a noun and may include modifiers.

Absolute Phrases

• Comprise a noun or pronoun and a participle, modifying the entire sentence by adding information.

Clause

• A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate. Independent clauses can stand alone, while dependent clauses cannot.

Types of Clauses

• Independent clauses form complete statements; dependent clauses require a main clause and begin with subordinating words.

Subordinate Clause

• Functions as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns, beginning with a subordinate conjunction or relative pronoun.

Types of Subordinate Clauses

• Include adjective clauses, adverb clauses, noun clauses, and elliptical clauses.

Adjective Clauses

• Modify nouns or pronouns, typically beginning with relative pronouns like who, which, or that.

Adverb Clauses

• Modify various words within a sentence and indicate conditions or reasons.

Noun Clauses

• Act as subjects, objects, or complements, beginning with conjunctions such as that, what, or who.

Elliptical Clauses

• Clauses with omitted elements, understood from context, often missing subjects or predicates.

Gerunds

• Gerunds represent the -ing form of a verb functioning as a noun, while present participles function as adjectives.

Infinitives

• Infinitives are verb forms preceded by "to" and can function as adjectives, nouns, or adverbs.