Parts of Speech and Sentence Structure

Nouns: Names of people, places, things, or ideas (e.g., cat, happiness).
Pronouns: Replace nouns to avoid repetition (e.g., he, she, it).
Verbs: Action words or states of being (e.g., run, is).
Adjectives: Describe or modify nouns (e.g., red, tall).
Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very).
Prepositions: Show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words (e.g., in, on).
Conjunctions: Connect words or groups of words (e.g., and, but, or).
Interjections: Express emotion or exclamation (e.g., wow, ouch).

Simple Sentence: Contains one independent clause (e.g., She runs).
Compound Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses, joined by a conjunction (e.g., She runs, and he swims).
Complex Sentence: Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (e.g., Although she was tired, she finished her work).
Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (e.g., She runs, and he swims because they like sports).

Present Simple: Describes habitual actions or general truths (e.g., She walks).
Past Simple: Describes completed actions in the past (e.g., She walked).
Future Simple: Describes actions that will happen (e.g., She will walk).
Present Continuous: Describes actions currently happening (e.g., She is walking).
Past Continuous: Describes actions that were ongoing in the past (e.g., She was walking).
Future Continuous: Describes actions that will be ongoing in the future (e.g., She will be walking).

The subject and verb must agree in number (singular or plural).
- Singular: The dog barks.
- Plural: The dogs bark.

Active Voice: Subject performs the action (e.g., The cat chased the mouse).
Passive Voice: Subject is acted upon (e.g., The mouse was chased by the cat).

Nouns refer to people, places, things, or ideas. Examples include cat, happiness, and London.
Pronouns replace nouns. Examples include he, she, it, and they.
Verbs express actions or states of being. Examples include run, is, and think.
Adjectives describe or modify nouns. Examples include red, tall, and happy.
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Examples include quickly, very, and slowly.
Prepositions show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words. Examples include on, in, and under.
Conjunctions connect words or groups of words. Examples include and, but, and or.
Interjections express emotion or exclamation. Examples include wow, ouch, and hey.

Simple sentences have one independent clause. Example: She runs.
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction. Example: She runs, and he swims.
Complex sentences have one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Example: Although she was tired, she finished her work.
Compound-complex sentences have at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Example: She runs, and he swims because they like sports.

Present Simple: Describes habitual actions or general truths. Example: She walks.
Past Simple: Describes completed actions in the past. Example: She walked.
Future Simple: Describes actions that will happen. Example: She will walk.
Present Continuous: Describes actions currently happening. Example: She is walking.
Past Continuous: Describes actions that were ongoing in the past. Example: She was walking.
Future Continuous: Describes actions that will be ongoing in the future. Example: She will be walking.

Subjects and verbs must agree in number (singular or plural). Example: The dog barks. (singular), The dogs bark (plural).

Active Voice: The subject performs the action. Example: The cat chased the mouse.
Passive Voice: The subject is acted upon. Example: The mouse was chased by the cat.