Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech

• Nouns: Words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
  • Proper nouns: Names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London)
  • Common nouns: General terms for people, places, and things (e.g. dog, city)
• Verbs: Words that express action, occurrence, or state of being
  • Action verbs: Describe physical or mental actions (e.g. run, think)
  • Linking verbs: Connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem)
• Adjectives: Words that modify or describe nouns or pronouns
  • Quantitative adjectives: Describe quantity (e.g. five, many)
  • Qualitative adjectives: Describe quality (e.g. happy, tall)
• Adverbs: Words that modify or describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
  • Manner adverbs: Describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly)
  • Time adverbs: Describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon)
• Pronouns: Words that replace nouns in a sentence
  • Personal pronouns: Replace nouns that refer to people or things (e.g. I, he, it)
  • Possessive pronouns: Show ownership or possession (e.g. mine, yours)
• Prepositions: Words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence
  • Words of location (e.g. in, on, at)
  • Words of direction (e.g. to, from, up)
• Conjunctions: Words that connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence
  • Coordinating conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance (e.g. and, but, or)
  • Subordinating conjunctions: Connect a dependent clause to an independent clause (e.g. because, although, if)

Sentence Structure

• Simple sentences: One independent clause
  • Declarative sentences: Make a statement (e.g. I am going to the store.)
  • Interrogative sentences: Ask a question (e.g. What is your name?)
  • Imperative sentences: Give a command (e.g. Close the door.)
• Compound sentences: Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
  • Using coordinating conjunctions (e.g. I went to the store, and I bought milk.)
  • Using semicolons (e.g. I went to the store; I bought milk.)
• Complex sentences: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
  • Using subordinating conjunctions (e.g. Because I was tired, I went to bed.)
• Compound-complex sentences: Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
  • Using coordinating and subordinating conjunctions (e.g. I went to the store, and because I was tired, I went to bed.)

Clauses and Phrases

• Independent clauses: Contain a subject and a verb
  • Can stand alone as a complete sentence
• Dependent clauses: Do not contain a subject and a verb
  • Cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
• Phrases: Groups of words that function as a unit
  • Noun phrases: Function as a noun (e.g. the big red car)
  • Verb phrases: Function as a verb (e.g. will be going)
  • Adjective phrases: Function as an adjective (e.g. very happy)
  • Adverb phrases: Function as an adverb (e.g. very quickly)

Parts of Speech

• Nouns: Refers to people, places, things, and ideas
  • Proper nouns: Names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London)
  • Common nouns: General terms for people, places, and things (e.g. dog, city)
• Verbs: Express action, occurrence, or state of being
  • Action verbs: Describe physical or mental actions (e.g. run, think)
  • Linking verbs: Connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem)
• Adjectives: Modify or describe nouns or pronouns
  • Quantitative adjectives: Describe quantity (e.g. five, many)
  • Qualitative adjectives: Describe quality (e.g. happy, tall)
• Adverbs: Modify or describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
  • Manner adverbs: Describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly)
  • Time adverbs: Describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon)
• Pronouns: Replace nouns in a sentence
  • Personal pronouns: Replace nouns that refer to people or things (e.g. I, he, it)
  • Possessive pronouns: Show ownership or possession (e.g. mine, yours)
• Prepositions: Show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence
  • Words of location: Describe location (e.g. in, on, at)
  • Words of direction: Describe direction (e.g. to, from, up)
• Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence
  • Coordinating conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance (e.g. and, but, or)
  • Subordinating conjunctions: Connect a dependent clause to an independent clause (e.g. because, although, if)

Sentence Structure

• Simple sentences: One independent clause
  • Declarative sentences: Make a statement
  • Interrogative sentences: Ask a question
  • Imperative sentences: Give a command
• Compound sentences: Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
  • Using coordinating conjunctions
  • Using semicolons
• Complex sentences: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
  • Using subordinating conjunctions
• Compound-complex sentences: Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
  • Using coordinating and subordinating conjunctions

Clauses and Phrases

• Independent clauses: Contain a subject and a verb
  • Can stand alone as a complete sentence
• Dependent clauses: Do not contain a subject and a verb
  • Cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
• Phrases: Groups of words that function as a unit
  • Noun phrases: Function as a noun
  • Verb phrases: Function as a verb
  • Adjective phrases: Function as an adjective
  • Adverb phrases: Function as an adverb