Parts of Speech

Nouns: Words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
- Proper nouns: Names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London)
- Common nouns: General terms for people, places, and things (e.g. dog, city)
Verbs: Words that express action, occurrence, or state of being
- Action verbs: Describe physical or mental actions (e.g. run, think)
- Linking verbs: Connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem)
Adjectives: Words that modify or describe nouns or pronouns
- Quantitative adjectives: Describe quantity (e.g. five, many)
- Qualitative adjectives: Describe quality (e.g. happy, tall)
Adverbs: Words that modify or describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Manner adverbs: Describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly)
- Time adverbs: Describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon)
Pronouns: Words that replace nouns in a sentence
- Personal pronouns: Replace nouns that refer to people or things (e.g. I, he, it)
- Possessive pronouns: Show ownership or possession (e.g. mine, yours)
Prepositions: Words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence
- Words of location (e.g. in, on, at)
- Words of direction (e.g. to, from, up)
Conjunctions: Words that connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence
- Coordinating conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance (e.g. and, but, or)
- Subordinating conjunctions: Connect a dependent clause to an independent clause (e.g. because, although, if)

Sentence Structure

Simple sentences: One independent clause
- Declarative sentences: Make a statement (e.g. I am going to the store.)
- Interrogative sentences: Ask a question (e.g. What is your name?)
- Imperative sentences: Give a command (e.g. Close the door.)
Compound sentences: Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
- Using coordinating conjunctions (e.g. I went to the store, and I bought milk.)
- Using semicolons (e.g. I went to the store; I bought milk.)
Complex sentences: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
- Using subordinating conjunctions (e.g. Because I was tired, I went to bed.)
Compound-complex sentences: Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
- Using coordinating and subordinating conjunctions (e.g. I went to the store, and because I was tired, I went to bed.)

Clauses and Phrases

Independent clauses: Contain a subject and a verb
- Can stand alone as a complete sentence
Dependent clauses: Do not contain a subject and a verb
- Cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
Phrases: Groups of words that function as a unit
- Noun phrases: Function as a noun (e.g. the big red car)
- Verb phrases: Function as a verb (e.g. will be going)
- Adjective phrases: Function as an adjective (e.g. very happy)
- Adverb phrases: Function as an adverb (e.g. very quickly)

Parts of Speech

Nouns: Refers to people, places, things, and ideas
- Proper nouns: Names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London)
- Common nouns: General terms for people, places, and things (e.g. dog, city)
Verbs: Express action, occurrence, or state of being
- Action verbs: Describe physical or mental actions (e.g. run, think)
- Linking verbs: Connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem)
Adjectives: Modify or describe nouns or pronouns
- Quantitative adjectives: Describe quantity (e.g. five, many)
- Qualitative adjectives: Describe quality (e.g. happy, tall)
Adverbs: Modify or describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Manner adverbs: Describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly)
- Time adverbs: Describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon)
Pronouns: Replace nouns in a sentence
- Personal pronouns: Replace nouns that refer to people or things (e.g. I, he, it)
- Possessive pronouns: Show ownership or possession (e.g. mine, yours)
Prepositions: Show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence
- Words of location: Describe location (e.g. in, on, at)
- Words of direction: Describe direction (e.g. to, from, up)
Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence
- Coordinating conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance (e.g. and, but, or)
- Subordinating conjunctions: Connect a dependent clause to an independent clause (e.g. because, although, if)

Sentence Structure

Simple sentences: One independent clause
- Declarative sentences: Make a statement
- Interrogative sentences: Ask a question
- Imperative sentences: Give a command
Compound sentences: Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
- Using coordinating conjunctions
- Using semicolons
Complex sentences: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
- Using subordinating conjunctions
Compound-complex sentences: Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
- Using coordinating and subordinating conjunctions

Clauses and Phrases

Independent clauses: Contain a subject and a verb
- Can stand alone as a complete sentence
Dependent clauses: Do not contain a subject and a verb
- Cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
Phrases: Groups of words that function as a unit
- Noun phrases: Function as a noun
- Verb phrases: Function as a verb
- Adjective phrases: Function as an adjective
- Adverb phrases: Function as an adverb