Particleboard Industry
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Questions and Answers

What is particleboard primarily used for in the forest products industry?

  • Flooring
  • Fencing
  • Roofing
  • Furniture (correct)

    • Particleboard is made of fine wood chips and synthetic resin.

    True

    What is the typical amount of glue used in standard particle board?

    10%

    Match the following wood-based panels with their chronological development year:

    <p>Sliced veneer = 1830 Particleboard = 1941 MDF = 1966 OSB = 1969</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of standard particleboard compared to plywood or medium density fiberboards? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Cost-effective option</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Particle board can be easily machined like solid wood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major disadvantage of particle board?

    <p>Low strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ is classified into different classes based on their properties according to the European Norm (EN) 312 standard.

    <p>Particle board</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of OSB compared to plywood for structural applications?

    <p>Lower cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is OSB produced?

    <p>From water-resistant, heat-cured adhesives and rectangular shaped wood strands arranged in cross-oriented layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plywood is always more expensive than OSB.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Werzalit is a strong, dense ______________ that is resistant to scratches, temperature fluctuations, and staining.

    <p>particleboard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the method with the particleboard production: (a) Termodin (b) Collipress (c) Werzalit

    <p>a = 1949 by Otto Keribaum b = German patent c = Developed by Jakob Friedrich Werz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary material used for chipboard production?

    <p>Wood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which resin type is commonly used in particleboard production for indoor environments?

    <p>UF: Urea–formaldehyde resin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The best particleboard furnish can be produced from _____ wood.

    <p>round</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sawdust addition to particleboard can improve internal bond (IB) strength.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the wood species with the corresponding oven-dry density used in particleboard production:

    <p>Poplar - Willow = 0.43 g/cm3 Pine = 0.51 g/cm3 Beech = 0.58 g/cm3 Oak = 0.67 g/cm3 Spruce - Fir = 0.41 g/cm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using X-ray detectors in log chippers?

    <p>to protect the log chippers from metal fragments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem can metal fragments in logs cause in the chipper?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing the number of knives on the drum chipper will result in larger chip sizes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blade angle for drum chipper is ___ for disc type flaker.

    <p>32°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following particle preparation methods with their descriptions:

    <p>One-step chipping = Flaking process from log to high quality flake in one step Two-step chipping = Initial break down by chipper followed by reduction to particles using knife ring flaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do pure MF resins have over UF (and MUF) resins?

    <p>Can be cured at a lower temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is debarking not preferred in MDF and particleboard manufacture?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main application of adhesives based on Isocyanates (especially PMDI)?

    <p>production of waterproof panels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Particles are engineered by adjusting particle geometry to improve board properties such as surface quality and IB strength. The slenderness ratio is calculated by dividing the particle's length by its ____. (Hint: one word answer)

    <p>thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the wood processing equipment with its description:

    <p>Disc/drum chippers = Use knives to cut or slice chips from the raw material Hammer mill systems = Use hammers to grind, break, tear, and shred raw materials into smaller particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using fire retardants like zinc borate and borax in wood-based composite panels?

    <p>To make the panels fungi resistant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the advantages of using urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin in particleboard production?

    <p>Easy-supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    European Composite Board Emission Standards classify formaldehyde levels into E0, E1, and E3 categories.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______ are chemical compounds added to the glue mix to reduce formaldehyde emission from finished wood panels.

    <p>Formaldehyde scavengers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are ammonium salts like ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride used as hardeners in particleboard manufacturing?

    <p>To react with free formaldehyde in the resin and speed up the polymerisation reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Particleboard Industry

    • Particleboard is the most widely used wood-based panel in the forest products industry.
    • It is mainly used in furniture, door skin, and flooring industries.
    • Particleboard is an engineered wood product made of fine wood chips, definition: "an engineered wood-based composite manufactured from particles of wood...and/or other lignocellulosic materials...and a synthetic resin or other suitable binder, which is pressed or molded in a hot press."

    Chronological Development of Wood-Based Panels

    • 1830: Sliced veneer (France)
    • 1896: Rotary veneer (Estonia)
    • 1898: Fiberboard (wet process) (England)
    • 1906: Plywood (USA)
    • 1914: Insulation board (Germany)
    • 1925: Hardboard (wet process) (USA)
    • 1941: Particleboard (Germany)
    • 1945: Fiberboard (dry process) (USA)
    • 1966: MDF (USA)
    • 1969: OSB (Germany)

    Ideal Wood-Based Panel

    • Should have no limitations on dimensions
    • Should have a homogeneous structure
    • Should have high mechanical properties meeting the needs of the place of use
    • Should have low density as possible
    • Should be minimally affected by moisture and heat
    • Should have a smooth surface and be easy to process
    • Should not be easily burned
    • Should have fungal and insect resistance
    • Should be easy to produce and have a low cost
    • Should be widely used

    Particleboard Properties

    • Advantages:
      • Cost-effective
      • Smooth and flat surface
      • Lightweight and easy to transport
      • Minimal maintenance and easy to clean
      • Thermo-acoustic insulation properties
      • Eco-friendly
      • Dense, flat, stiff surface
      • Can be painted to produce a smooth quality surface
      • Can be dowelled together and traditional wood work joints may be cut
    • Disadvantages:
      • Low strength compared to other fiberboards
      • Expands and warps in presence of moisture
      • Low durability and short life
      • Cannot support heavy loads
      • Can be toxic due to urea formaldehyde resin

    Classification of Particleboard

    • According to particle size, particle orientation, and binder type:
      • Normal (standard) particleboard
      • Oriented Strandboard (OSB)
      • Cement bonded particleboard
      • Okal type particleboard
      • Molded particleboard
      • Waferboard
      • Strandboard
    • According to layer structure:
    • According to pressing method:
      • Horizontal pressing: standard particleboard
      • Vertical pressing: Okal type particleboard
      • Hot-press molding: Molded particleboard
    • According to particleboard density:
      • High density particleboard: ≥ 800 kg/m3
      • Medium density particleboard: 590 < x < 800 kg/m3
      • Low density particleboard: ≤ 590 kg/m3

    Particleboard Classes

    • Classified into seven different classes based on their properties according to EN 312 standard:
      • P1: General-purpose boards for use in dry conditions
      • P2: Boards for interior fitments (including furniture) for use in dry conditions
      • P3: Non-load bearing boards for use in humid conditions
      • P4: Load-bearing boards for use in dry conditions
      • P5: Load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions
      • P6: Heavy duty load-bearing boards for use in dry conditions
      • P7: Heavy duty load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions### Particleboard History
    • Max Himmelheber from Germany is considered the inventor of particleboard, obtaining a patent in 1951
    • The first particleboard in Turkey was established in 1953 and started production in 1955

    Standard Grade Particleboard

    • Approximately 85% of particleboard produced in Europe is of standard grade
    • Thickness typically ranges from 16-19 mm
    • Straight UF adhesives of low F:U ratio (1.00-1.10) are used for this grade
    • Average gluing addition factor is 7-8%
    • Press times in modern press lines vary between 3-5 s/mm

    Moisture-Resistant Particleboard

    • Typically bears a green color for distinction purposes
    • Strict requirements are enforced for moisture-resistant boards due to demanding end-user applications

    Fire-Resistant Particleboard

    • Used in public buildings where fire safety regulations are crucial
    • Adhesives used exclusively have a melamine content of 13-20%
    • Fire retardants are used in solid form, usually in granulates with a particle size between 200-600 μm

    Oriented Strandboard (OSB)

    • A widely used, versatile structural wood panel
    • Alternative to plywood
    • Mechanical properties are good for structural applications
    • Top and bottom layer strands are aligned perpendicular to the core layer
    • Produced from water-resistant, heat-cured adhesives and rectangular shaped wood strands

    Okal Type Particleboard (Extruded Particleboard)

    • Introduced by Otto Keribaum in Germany between 1947-1949
    • Uses woody waste, less glue, and has a low thickness swelling
    • Can be produced in various thicknesses, including tubular forms

    Molded Particleboard

    • Has a three-dimensional formability
    • Strong, dense, and resistant to scratches, temperature fluctuations, and staining
    • Good durability, low maintenance, and steady performance under harsh conditions
    • Produced in two stages: molding and final pressing

    Inorganic (Cement) Bonded Particleboard

    • Has advantages over resin-bonded composites, including fire and biological resistance, high durability, and low production cost
    • Used for constructive frameworks, bearing purpose, fire protection, and other compliments for walls and floors

    Waferboard and Flakeboard

    • Waferboard is made from flakes called wafers, which are short, thin, and nest together for bonding
    • Flakeboard is made from flakes thinner and longer than those used for waferboard
    • Both are used for non-structural applications

    Historical Chronology of Wood-Based Panels in Furniture Industry

    • (No specific details provided in the text)

    Raw Materials Used in Production of Particleboard

    • Wood material:
      • Ideal wood density: 0.35-0.65 g/cm3
      • Ideal wood moisture content: 40-60% based on oven dry weight
      • Ideal wood pH: 4-5
      • Minimum extractives, knots, and bark
      • No fungi- or termite-damaged wood
    • Other materials:
      • Annual plants (e.g., sugarcane, wheat straw, sunflower stalk)
      • Waste papers (e.g., cardboard, papers)

    Wood as a Raw Material

    • Approximately 90-95% of ligno-cellulosic material used for particleboard production is wood
    • Workability: wood species should be easy to break into particles
    • Density: ideal raw material density is 0.35-0.65 g/cm3, which is compressed to at least 5% above its natural density### Panel Density and Compression Ratio
    • Compression ratio is proportional to panel density and inversely proportional to wood density
    • The density of particleboard is affected by the type of wood used, with higher density woods resulting in higher density particleboards

    Wood Density and Particleboard Density

    • The density of particleboard varies depending on the type of wood used, with the following densities:
      • Poplar-Willow: 0.60 g/cm³
      • Pine: 0.72 g/cm³
      • Beech: 0.82 g/cm³
      • Oak: 0.95 g/cm³
      • Spruce-Fir: 0.58 g/cm³
      • Alnus: 0.70 g/cm³
      • Elm: 0.90 g/cm³

    pH of Wood

    • The pH of wood affects the curing rate of formaldehyde-based resins, with near-neutral species producing slow curing rates and acidic species producing rapid curing rates
    • pH levels can vary between wood species, within species, and within the tree (heartwood vs. sapwood)
    • pH levels can also change with storage time and conditions

    Permeability of Wood

    • The permeability of wood affects the quality of particleboard, with very permeable species producing poor-quality boards
    • The way wood breaks down and the amount of extractives present can influence the contact angle between the adhesive and wood

    Sources of Wood for Particleboard

    • Round wood: the best source of particleboard furnish, with control over particle size, shape, and surface quality
    • Wood residues: a cost-effective source of wood, including forest residues, sawmill residues, and joinery residues
    • Recovered wood: a cheap and environmentally friendly source of wood, including demolition timbers, old furniture, and pallets

    Adhesives Used in Particleboard Production

    • Aminoplastic resins: the most important class of adhesives in the wood-based panels industry, including UF, MF, MUF, PF, and PMDI resins
    • UF resin: the most widely used resin, with advantages including low cost, colorless, easy supply, and good mechanical properties
    • Disadvantages of UF resin: high formaldehyde emission, low water and moisture resistance

    Additives Used in Particleboard Production

    • Hardeners (catalysts): to decrease pressing time, including ammonium salts, aluminum sulfate, and citric acid
    • Paraffin or wax: to improve water resistance, with amounts typically below 0.5% (based on dry wood)
    • Formaldehyde scavengers (catchers): to decrease formaldehyde emission, including urea, sodium metabisulfite, and ammonium phosphates
    • Fire retardants: including phosphates, magnesium hydroxide, and borax
    • Fungi resistants: including zinc borate, borax, and boric acid

    Technical Properties of UF Resin

    • Density: 1.284 g/cm³
    • Solids content: 64-66% (weight)
    • Viscosity: 400-700 cps
    • pH: 8.0-9.0
    • Gel time: 30-40 seconds
    • Free formaldehyde: < 3 mg/100g dry board

    Formaldehyde Emission from Particleboard

    • Parameters affecting formaldehyde emission: tree species, wood acidity, F/U molar ratio, resin amount, density and thickness, hardener type and content, free formaldehyde content, moisture content, and environmental conditions
    • Regulations and standards: International Composite Board Emission Standards (ICBES), European formaldehyde classes (E0, E1, E2), and California Air Resources Board (CARB) standards

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    Description

    Learn about the particleboard industry, its uses, and its definition. This engineered wood product is widely used in furniture, door skin, and flooring industries.

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