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Questions and Answers
What effect do soaps and detergents have on the surface tension of water?
What effect do soaps and detergents have on the surface tension of water?
Hot water has a higher surface tension than cold water.
Hot water has a higher surface tension than cold water.
False
What is the name of the curved surface formed by water when it touches the sides of a container?
What is the name of the curved surface formed by water when it touches the sides of a container?
meniscus
Disinfectants often have solutions of low surface tension, allowing them to spread out on the cell walls of __________.
Disinfectants often have solutions of low surface tension, allowing them to spread out on the cell walls of __________.
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Match the following concepts to their descriptions:
Match the following concepts to their descriptions:
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What is thermal expansion?
What is thermal expansion?
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Gases have strong forces of attraction between their particles.
Gases have strong forces of attraction between their particles.
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What states of matter exhibit definite volume?
What states of matter exhibit definite volume?
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Particles in a solid are _____ packed together, which gives it a definite shape.
Particles in a solid are _____ packed together, which gives it a definite shape.
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Match the state of matter to its properties:
Match the state of matter to its properties:
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fluids?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fluids?
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Fluids can help hold solid particles, which is useful in human activities.
Fluids can help hold solid particles, which is useful in human activities.
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Name one example of plasma.
Name one example of plasma.
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What is flow rate typically expressed as?
What is flow rate typically expressed as?
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Thicker fluids generally have a higher flow rate than thinner fluids.
Thicker fluids generally have a higher flow rate than thinner fluids.
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What effect does temperature have on the flow rate of a fluid?
What effect does temperature have on the flow rate of a fluid?
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Laminar flow is characterized by ________ and orderly movement.
Laminar flow is characterized by ________ and orderly movement.
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Match the following types of fluids with their characteristics:
Match the following types of fluids with their characteristics:
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Which of the following factors does NOT affect flow rate?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect flow rate?
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Turbulent flow is smooth and lacks mixing.
Turbulent flow is smooth and lacks mixing.
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What happens to the flow of cooking oil when it is heated?
What happens to the flow of cooking oil when it is heated?
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The force attracting particles of the same substance to each other is known as ________.
The force attracting particles of the same substance to each other is known as ________.
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Match the fluid types with their flow characteristics:
Match the fluid types with their flow characteristics:
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Which scenario is an example of turbulent flow?
Which scenario is an example of turbulent flow?
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Surface tension only affects solid objects.
Surface tension only affects solid objects.
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What is the relationship between particle attraction and fluid viscosity?
What is the relationship between particle attraction and fluid viscosity?
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In ________ flow, fluids move in orderly lines with less resistance.
In ________ flow, fluids move in orderly lines with less resistance.
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage of turbulent flow?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of turbulent flow?
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Study Notes
Particle Theory of Matter
- All matter is made of tiny particles.
- Particles are constantly moving.
- There are spaces between particles.
- Particles experience attraction to each other.
Effect of Temperature on Particles
- Heating increases particle speed and separation (thermal expansion).
- Cooling decreases particle speed and brings particles closer together.
States of Matter
- Solids: Definite shape, strong particle attraction, particles vibrate in place.
- Liquids: No definite shape, weaker particle attraction than solids, particles can slide past each other.
- Gases: No definite shape, very weak particle attraction, particles move freely.
- Plasma: Highly energized gas, atoms break into charged particles (ions and electrons), similar to a gas but electrically charged.
Volume of Fluids
- Solids, liquids, and gases have a definite volume. Volume is independent of container shape.
What are Fluids?
- Fluids are substances that flow (liquids and gases).
- Solids do not flow due to tightly packed particles.
- Liquids flow because particles can slide past each other.
- Gases flow because particles move freely.
- Some solids also exhibit fluid-like behavior (glaciers).
Fluid Properties in Real Life
- Fluids hold other materials (e.g., cytoplasm in cells).
- Fluids aid in holding particles in activities (e.g., fire retardant).
- Fluids can be made into solids (e.g., concrete, steel).
Measuring Fluid Flow
- Flow rate is volume per unit time (e.g., L/s).
Factors Affecting Flow Rate
- Particle Attraction (Cohesion): Stronger attraction = slower flow.
- Particle Size/Shape: Larger/irregular particles = slower flow.
- Temperature: Higher temp = faster flow (lower viscosity).
- Fluid Type: Thicker fluids flow slower.
- Container Size: Larger opening = faster flow.
- Surface Type: Smoother surface = faster flow.
Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
Laminar Flow
- Smooth, regular flow in orderly lines.
- Advantages: Faster movement, less energy needed, efficient pipe flow.
- Disadvantages: Less mixing, limited to low speeds.
Turbulent Flow
- Irregular, chaotic mixing of fluid.
- Advantages: Mixing, oxygenation, excitement in activities.
- Disadvantages: More resistance, energy loss, erosion, potential health risks.
Viscosity, Cohesion, and Adhesion
Viscosity
- A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.
- Higher viscosity = thicker fluid (slower flow).
- Lower viscosity = thinner fluid (faster flow).
Cohesion
- Force of attraction between particles of the same substance.
- Stronger cohesion = higher viscosity.
Adhesion
- Force of attraction between a fluid and a different substance.
- Example: Water sticking to the sides of a glass (meniscus).
Surface Tension
- Force pulling surface particles together, creating a "skin".
- Examples: Insects walking on water, shape of liquid droplets.
- Effects on fluids: wetting agents, cleaning, shaping droplets.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of the Particle Theory of Matter, including the movement and interaction of particles in solids, liquids, gases, and plasma. This quiz covers how temperature affects particle behavior and the definitions of fluids.
