Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of Particle Size Reduction (PSR)?
What is the primary purpose of Particle Size Reduction (PSR)?
How can Particle Size Distribution (PSD) impact drug product performance?
How can Particle Size Distribution (PSD) impact drug product performance?
How can PSDs of both drug substance and excipients affect drug product manufacturability?
How can PSDs of both drug substance and excipients affect drug product manufacturability?
Particle Size Distribution (PSDs) can affect impact safety, efficacy and quality of the drug product
Particle Size Distribution (PSDs) can affect impact safety, efficacy and quality of the drug product
Signup and view all the answers
PSDs of pharmaceutical powders can influence granulation, milling, coating, drying, mixing/premixing, encapsulation processes and compression
PSDs of pharmaceutical powders can influence granulation, milling, coating, drying, mixing/premixing, encapsulation processes and compression
Signup and view all the answers
Particle Sizes of pharmaceutical powders should be evaluated at different pharmaceutical development phases for each specific drug application.
Particle Sizes of pharmaceutical powders should be evaluated at different pharmaceutical development phases for each specific drug application.
Signup and view all the answers
The target PSDs of pharmaceutical powders can be selected after determining the particle size effects in the final development phase.
The target PSDs of pharmaceutical powders can be selected after determining the particle size effects in the final development phase.
Signup and view all the answers
Establishing appropriate particle size specifications helps in controlling drug product quality and ensuring manufacturing consistency.
Establishing appropriate particle size specifications helps in controlling drug product quality and ensuring manufacturing consistency.
Signup and view all the answers
What can be done once the particle size effects have been determined in the final development phase?
What can be done once the particle size effects have been determined in the final development phase?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of establishing appropriate particle size specifications?
What is the purpose of establishing appropriate particle size specifications?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of size reduction in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
What is the primary purpose of size reduction in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the range of mechanical properties of solid particles influence size reduction mechanisms?
How does the range of mechanical properties of solid particles influence size reduction mechanisms?
Signup and view all the answers
Why does the range of mechanical properties of solid particles influence the design of commercial equipment?
Why does the range of mechanical properties of solid particles influence the design of commercial equipment?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the method of size reduction affect?
What does the method of size reduction affect?
Signup and view all the answers
Why does the correct choice of efficient commercial size reduction machinery depend on knowledge of particle size properties and mechanisms?
Why does the correct choice of efficient commercial size reduction machinery depend on knowledge of particle size properties and mechanisms?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor determines the required size of a drug for a dry powder inhalation formulation?
Which factor determines the required size of a drug for a dry powder inhalation formulation?
Signup and view all the answers
What influences the design of commercial size separation methodologies and apparatus?
What influences the design of commercial size separation methodologies and apparatus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method is NOT Correct as a commercial size separation methodology ?
Which method is NOT Correct as a commercial size separation methodology ?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of pharmaceutical particle technology?
What is the primary purpose of pharmaceutical particle technology?
Signup and view all the answers
What does pharmaceutical particle technology aim to produce?
What does pharmaceutical particle technology aim to produce?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the primary targets of pharmaceutical particle technology?
What are the primary targets of pharmaceutical particle technology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a limitation of vivo bioavailability of pharmaceutical particle technology?
What is a limitation of vivo bioavailability of pharmaceutical particle technology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary advantage of newer novel particle techniques over conventional methods?
What is the primary advantage of newer novel particle techniques over conventional methods?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of size reduction in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
What is the main purpose of size reduction in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of size reduction in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
What is the primary purpose of size reduction in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a limitation of conventional particle technologies ?
What is a limitation of conventional particle technologies ?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main advantage of newer novel particle techniques over conventional methods?
What is the main advantage of newer novel particle techniques over conventional methods?
Signup and view all the answers
When is a particle size specification needed ?
When is a particle size specification needed ?
Signup and view all the answers
Conventional methods of size reduction can sometimes lead to thermal and chemical degradation of drugs
Conventional methods of size reduction can sometimes lead to thermal and chemical degradation of drugs
Signup and view all the answers
Newer novel particle techniques are less efficient than conventional methods for formulating poorly soluble drugs
Newer novel particle techniques are less efficient than conventional methods for formulating poorly soluble drugs
Signup and view all the answers
Particle size specification is required if the particle size of the drug substance is critical to drug product performance
Particle size specification is required if the particle size of the drug substance is critical to drug product performance
Signup and view all the answers
If the drug product is not a low dose drug and the drug substance is highly soluble, the particle size specification may NOT be established with little or no scientific justification
If the drug product is not a low dose drug and the drug substance is highly soluble, the particle size specification may NOT be established with little or no scientific justification
Signup and view all the answers
Granulation and coating are related to particle size enlargement, while milling and grinding are related to particle size reduction
Granulation and coating are related to particle size enlargement, while milling and grinding are related to particle size reduction
Signup and view all the answers
Mixing and blending are related to combination of particles of different components where size differences among these components have a large impact on blend homogeneity
Mixing and blending are related to combination of particles of different components where size differences among these components have a large impact on blend homogeneity
Signup and view all the answers
Screening and sieving are related to separation of particles with different sizes
Screening and sieving are related to separation of particles with different sizes
Signup and view all the answers
What are granulation and coating related to in pharmaceutical particle technology?
What are granulation and coating related to in pharmaceutical particle technology?
Signup and view all the answers
What are screening and sieving related to in pharmaceutical particle technology?
What are screening and sieving related to in pharmaceutical particle technology?
Signup and view all the answers
What are mixing and blending related to in pharmaceutical particle technology?
What are mixing and blending related to in pharmaceutical particle technology?
Signup and view all the answers
Particle size specification is only required for the drug substance and not for excipients or in-process materials.
Particle size specification is only required for the drug substance and not for excipients or in-process materials.
Signup and view all the answers
Particle size of pharmaceutical materials can range from nanometer to centimeter.
Particle size of pharmaceutical materials can range from nanometer to centimeter.
Signup and view all the answers
Mixing and blending in pharmaceutical particle technology are not affected by the size differences among the components.
Mixing and blending in pharmaceutical particle technology are not affected by the size differences among the components.
Signup and view all the answers
Size reduction increases the solubility and dissolution rate of pharmaceutical materials, enhancing bioavailability.
Size reduction increases the solubility and dissolution rate of pharmaceutical materials, enhancing bioavailability.
Signup and view all the answers
Griseofulvin, an antifungal drug, shows around five times better absorption in its micronized form.
Griseofulvin, an antifungal drug, shows around five times better absorption in its micronized form.
Signup and view all the answers
The absorptive power of charcoal and kaolin increases after size reduction due to the increase in surface area.
The absorptive power of charcoal and kaolin increases after size reduction due to the increase in surface area.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the impact of size reduction on pharmaceutical formulation?
What is the impact of size reduction on pharmaceutical formulation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which substance shows around five times better absorption in its micronized form after size reduction?
Which substance shows around five times better absorption in its micronized form after size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the absorptive power of charcoal and kaolin after size reduction?
What happens to the absorptive power of charcoal and kaolin after size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of controlling particle size distribution in pharmaceutical suspensions?
What is the primary purpose of controlling particle size distribution in pharmaceutical suspensions?
Signup and view all the answers
How does controlling particle size distribution impact the flowability of materials in a tablet machine?
How does controlling particle size distribution impact the flowability of materials in a tablet machine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of controlling particle size distribution in dry granulation or dry mix in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
What is the purpose of controlling particle size distribution in dry granulation or dry mix in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
Signup and view all the answers
Particle size for pharmaceutical capsules, insufflations, suppositories, and ointments must be below 10mm.
Particle size for pharmaceutical capsules, insufflations, suppositories, and ointments must be below 10mm.
Signup and view all the answers
Lack of grittiness of solid particles is a concern for dermal ointments, creams, and ophthalmic preparations.
Lack of grittiness of solid particles is a concern for dermal ointments, creams, and ophthalmic preparations.
Signup and view all the answers
Fine powders have a particle size of 50 to 100 µm.
Fine powders have a particle size of 50 to 100 µm.
Signup and view all the answers
Particle Size Reduction can lead to a decrease in bulk density causing flowability issues.
Particle Size Reduction can lead to a decrease in bulk density causing flowability issues.
Signup and view all the answers
Particle Size Reduction can lead to an increase in dissolution rate.
Particle Size Reduction can lead to an increase in dissolution rate.
Signup and view all the answers
Particle Size Reduction can lead to a decrease in static charge problems.
Particle Size Reduction can lead to a decrease in static charge problems.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correct is a potential disadvantage of Particle Size Reduction (PSR) in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
Which of the following correct is a potential disadvantage of Particle Size Reduction (PSR) in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
Signup and view all the answers
How does a decrease in bulk density due to Particle Size Reduction (PSR) impact material flowability?
How does a decrease in bulk density due to Particle Size Reduction (PSR) impact material flowability?
Signup and view all the answers
What problem may arise from a decrease in particle size due to Particle Size Reduction (PSR) in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
What problem may arise from a decrease in particle size due to Particle Size Reduction (PSR) in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of materials are most difficult to comminute?
Which type of materials are most difficult to comminute?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of mill is suitable for size reduction of fibrous materials?
What type of mill is suitable for size reduction of fibrous materials?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done before milling plastic materials like synthetic gums and resins?
What should be done before milling plastic materials like synthetic gums and resins?
Signup and view all the answers
Hard materials like pumice and iodine are easy to comminute due to their soft nature.
Hard materials like pumice and iodine are easy to comminute due to their soft nature.
Signup and view all the answers
Fibrous materials like glycyrrhiza and rauwolfia can be size reduced by pressure.
Fibrous materials like glycyrrhiza and rauwolfia can be size reduced by pressure.
Signup and view all the answers
Plastic materials like synthetic gums, waxes, and resins should be chilled before milling.
Plastic materials like synthetic gums, waxes, and resins should be chilled before milling.
Signup and view all the answers
Hygroscopic materials must be comminuted inside a closed equipment like a ball mill because they absorb moisture rapidly.
Hygroscopic materials must be comminuted inside a closed equipment like a ball mill because they absorb moisture rapidly.
Signup and view all the answers
Thermolabile materials like vitamins and antibiotics are milled inside chilled equipment.
Thermolabile materials like vitamins and antibiotics are milled inside chilled equipment.
Signup and view all the answers
Fine dust, such as dextrin, starch and sulphur, is a potential explosive mixture under certain conditions.
Fine dust, such as dextrin, starch and sulphur, is a potential explosive mixture under certain conditions.
Signup and view all the answers
Why must hygroscopic materials be comminuted inside a closed equipment like a ball mill?
Why must hygroscopic materials be comminuted inside a closed equipment like a ball mill?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of equipment is suitable for milling thermolabile materials like vitamins and antibiotics?
What type of equipment is suitable for milling thermolabile materials like vitamins and antibiotics?
Signup and view all the answers
Why should fine dust inflammable materials be handled with caution in milling processes?
Why should fine dust inflammable materials be handled with caution in milling processes?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the suitable moisture content for materials to be ground dry?
What is the suitable moisture content for materials to be ground dry?
Signup and view all the answers
How does moisture content influence the milling process?
How does moisture content influence the milling process?
Signup and view all the answers
What properties does moisture content influence that can affect size reduction?
What properties does moisture content influence that can affect size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
Moisture content more 5% enhances the milling process and improves the particle size reduction
Moisture content more 5% enhances the milling process and improves the particle size reduction
Signup and view all the answers
Less than 5% moisture is suitable for dry grinding of substances
Less than 5% moisture is suitable for dry grinding of substances
Signup and view all the answers
More than 50% moisture is suitable for wet grinding of substances
More than 50% moisture is suitable for wet grinding of substances
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between hardness and toughness of a material?
What is the difference between hardness and toughness of a material?
Signup and view all the answers
Why might a soft but tough material present more problems in size reduction than a hard but brittle substance?
Why might a soft but tough material present more problems in size reduction than a hard but brittle substance?
Signup and view all the answers
How does moisture content relate to the toughness of pharmaceutical materials?
How does moisture content relate to the toughness of pharmaceutical materials?
Signup and view all the answers
Harder materials are generally easier to reduce in size than softer materials.
Harder materials are generally easier to reduce in size than softer materials.
Signup and view all the answers
Toughness is more important than hardness in size reduction of pharmaceutical materials.
Toughness is more important than hardness in size reduction of pharmaceutical materials.
Signup and view all the answers
Moisture content has no impact on the size reduction process of pharmaceutical materials.
Moisture content has no impact on the size reduction process of pharmaceutical materials.
Signup and view all the answers
Stickiness causes considerable difficulty in size reduction process.
Stickiness causes considerable difficulty in size reduction process.
Signup and view all the answers
The final powder may be contaminated with more than 0.1 percent of metal worn from the grinding mill when grinding abrasive substances.
The final powder may be contaminated with more than 0.1 percent of metal worn from the grinding mill when grinding abrasive substances.
Signup and view all the answers
The reverse of stickiness, which can be described as slipperiness, always makes size reduction process more efficient.
The reverse of stickiness, which can be described as slipperiness, always makes size reduction process more efficient.
Signup and view all the answers
What property causes difficulty in size reduction as material may adhere to the grinding surfaces or meshes of the screen?
What property causes difficulty in size reduction as material may adhere to the grinding surfaces or meshes of the screen?
Signup and view all the answers
Which substance may be added to assist in size reduction of gummy or resinous materials?
Which substance may be added to assist in size reduction of gummy or resinous materials?
Signup and view all the answers
What may limit the type of machinery that can be used for hard materials during size reduction?
What may limit the type of machinery that can be used for hard materials during size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential concern when milling waxy substances or drugs containing oils or fats?
What is a potential concern when milling waxy substances or drugs containing oils or fats?
Signup and view all the answers
How can the softening temperature issue be addressed during the size reduction process?
How can the softening temperature issue be addressed during the size reduction process?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of substances may be affected by the softening temperature issue during size reduction?
Which type of substances may be affected by the softening temperature issue during size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
Cooling the mill can be used to overcome the softening temperature issue during size reduction
Cooling the mill can be used to overcome the softening temperature issue during size reduction
Signup and view all the answers
Cellulose is classified as a soft material in terms of hardness
Cellulose is classified as a soft material in terms of hardness
Signup and view all the answers
Amobarbital is classified as an abrasive material in terms of hardness
Amobarbital is classified as an abrasive material in terms of hardness
Signup and view all the answers
Cellulose is classified as a soft material in terms of hardness
Cellulose is classified as a soft material in terms of hardness
Signup and view all the answers
Sucrose is classified as a hard material in terms of hardness
Sucrose is classified as a hard material in terms of hardness
Signup and view all the answers
Kaolin is classified as a moderately hard to brittle material
Kaolin is classified as a moderately hard to brittle material
Signup and view all the answers
Which pharmaceutical material is classified as 'soft but plastic' in terms of hardness?
Which pharmaceutical material is classified as 'soft but plastic' in terms of hardness?
Signup and view all the answers
Which pharmaceutical material is classified as 'abrasive very hard' in terms of hardness?
Which pharmaceutical material is classified as 'abrasive very hard' in terms of hardness?
Signup and view all the answers
Which pharmaceutical material is classified as 'moderately hard to brittle' in terms of hardness?
Which pharmaceutical material is classified as 'moderately hard to brittle' in terms of hardness?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of mill is suitable for obtaining very fine particles like micronized griseofulvin?
What type of mill is suitable for obtaining very fine particles like micronized griseofulvin?
Signup and view all the answers
Why should size reduction be conducted in a sterile environment for preparations intended for injection or ophthalmic uses?
Why should size reduction be conducted in a sterile environment for preparations intended for injection or ophthalmic uses?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of equipment may be used for milling potent drugs and low dose products to avoid contamination?
What type of equipment may be used for milling potent drugs and low dose products to avoid contamination?
Signup and view all the answers
Particle size reduction is not important in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Particle size reduction is not important in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Signup and view all the answers
Particle size reduction is necessary for parenteral and ophthalmic preparations.
Particle size reduction is necessary for parenteral and ophthalmic preparations.
Signup and view all the answers
Contamination of milled materials is not a concern for potent drugs and low dose products.
Contamination of milled materials is not a concern for potent drugs and low dose products.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a principal means of size reduction ?
Which of the following is a principal means of size reduction ?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term used for rubbing and grinding as a means of size reduction?
What is the term used for rubbing and grinding as a means of size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term used for size reduction by applying pressure?
What is the term used for size reduction by applying pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
Size reduction can be accomplished by cutting, shearing, compression, impaction, and attrition.
Size reduction can be accomplished by cutting, shearing, compression, impaction, and attrition.
Signup and view all the answers
Grinding and trituration are not means of size reduction.
Grinding and trituration are not means of size reduction.
Signup and view all the answers
Is compression a commonly used mechanism of size reduction in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
Is compression a commonly used mechanism of size reduction in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism of size reduction involves crushing the material by application of pressure?
Which mechanism of size reduction involves crushing the material by application of pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
Which mechanism of size reduction involves crushing the material by means of a sharp blade or blades?
Which mechanism of size reduction involves crushing the material by means of a sharp blade or blades?
Signup and view all the answers
Why might a soft but tough material present more problems in size reduction than a hard but brittle substance?
Why might a soft but tough material present more problems in size reduction than a hard but brittle substance?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of forces break the particles in the process of attrition?
What type of forces break the particles in the process of attrition?
Signup and view all the answers
In which scenario does impact occur during size reduction?
In which scenario does impact occur during size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the material in impact during size reduction?
What happens to the material in impact during size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which methods are used much more widely for size reduction in Pharmaceutical practice?
Which methods are used much more widely for size reduction in Pharmaceutical practice?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of machines are often termed as Mills for size reduction in Pharmaceutical practice?
What type of machines are often termed as Mills for size reduction in Pharmaceutical practice?
Signup and view all the answers
Which methods are of limited use in Pharmaceutical practice for size reduction?
Which methods are of limited use in Pharmaceutical practice for size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correct depend rate peocess of size reduction on?
Which of the following correct depend rate peocess of size reduction on?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor influences the orientation of the material in the crushing machine during size reduction?
Which factor influences the orientation of the material in the crushing machine during size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a critical aspect that affects size reduction according to ?
What is a critical aspect that affects size reduction according to ?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor influences the selection of size reduction equipment for materials?
Which factor influences the selection of size reduction equipment for materials?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines whether a machine hard enough to withstand abrasion effect is used for size reduction?
What determines whether a machine hard enough to withstand abrasion effect is used for size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is knowledge of particle size properties and mechanisms important in selecting efficient commercial size reduction machinery?
Why is knowledge of particle size properties and mechanisms important in selecting efficient commercial size reduction machinery?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a key factor to consider when selecting size reduction equipment?
What is a key factor to consider when selecting size reduction equipment?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor determines whether fine or large particles are needed as the final product?
Which factor determines whether fine or large particles are needed as the final product?
Signup and view all the answers
What influences the selection of equipment to withstand abrasion effects?
What influences the selection of equipment to withstand abrasion effects?
Signup and view all the answers
Moisture content of the material does not influence the selection of size reduction equipment
Moisture content of the material does not influence the selection of size reduction equipment
Signup and view all the answers
Particle size distribution does not influence the selection of size reduction equipment
Particle size distribution does not influence the selection of size reduction equipment
Signup and view all the answers
Coarse particles have no applications in pharmacy as blake jaw crusher, Dodge crusher, Gyratory crusher, and Rotary coal breaker.
Coarse particles have no applications in pharmacy as blake jaw crusher, Dodge crusher, Gyratory crusher, and Rotary coal breaker.
Signup and view all the answers
Intermediate particles include Hammer mills, Cutting mills, Edge and end runner mills.
Intermediate particles include Hammer mills, Cutting mills, Edge and end runner mills.
Signup and view all the answers
Ball mill, Fluid energy mill, and Oscillating granulator are used for producing fine particles.
Ball mill, Fluid energy mill, and Oscillating granulator are used for producing fine particles.
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of equipment is suitable for reducing intermediate particles?
Which type of equipment is suitable for reducing intermediate particles?
Signup and view all the answers
Which particle size reduction equipment is suitable for fine particles?
Which particle size reduction equipment is suitable for fine particles?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of particles have no applications in pharmacy?
Which type of particles have no applications in pharmacy?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of size reduction mechanism is used in a hammer mill?
What type of size reduction mechanism is used in a hammer mill?
Signup and view all the answers
How are particles retained within a hammer mill during milling?
How are particles retained within a hammer mill during milling?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of slots are often used in the screen of a hammer mill to allow particles to pass through?
What type of slots are often used in the screen of a hammer mill to allow particles to pass through?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to particle inertia as size reduction continues in a hammer mill?
What happens to particle inertia as size reduction continues in a hammer mill?
Signup and view all the answers
Hammer mill uses a series of hammers hinged on a central shaft for size reduction by impact.
Hammer mill uses a series of hammers hinged on a central shaft for size reduction by impact.
Signup and view all the answers
The angular velocity of the hammers in a hammer mill produces a strain rate of up to 80 s−1.
The angular velocity of the hammers in a hammer mill produces a strain rate of up to 80 s−1.
Signup and view all the answers
Particles passing through a given mesh in a hammer mill can be much finer than the mesh apertures.
Particles passing through a given mesh in a hammer mill can be much finer than the mesh apertures.
Signup and view all the answers
Hammer mills tend to produce powders with broad size distributions.
Hammer mills tend to produce powders with broad size distributions.
Signup and view all the answers
Is a hammer mill capable of being used as a primary, secondary, or tertiary crusher?
Is a hammer mill capable of being used as a primary, secondary, or tertiary crusher?
Signup and view all the answers
Can small hammer mills be operated on household current?
Can small hammer mills be operated on household current?
Signup and view all the answers
Does the screenless hammer mill use air flow to separate small particles from larger ones?
Does the screenless hammer mill use air flow to separate small particles from larger ones?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of motors can be used to drive large hammer mills used in automobile shredders?
What type of motors can be used to drive large hammer mills used in automobile shredders?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of power source can small hammer mills used as crushers be operated on?
What type of power source can small hammer mills used as crushers be operated on?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the screenless hammer mill separate small particles from larger ones?
How does the screenless hammer mill separate small particles from larger ones?
Signup and view all the answers
Is it possible to obtain different particle sizes by changing the screen, nature of the hammers, and driving force in size reduction equipment?
Is it possible to obtain different particle sizes by changing the screen, nature of the hammers, and driving force in size reduction equipment?
Signup and view all the answers
TRUE OR FALSE : hammer mill is essentially a steel drum containing a vertical or
horizontal rotating shaft or drum on which hammers are mounted?
TRUE OR FALSE : hammer mill is essentially a steel drum containing a vertical or horizontal rotating shaft or drum on which hammers are mounted?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of using a hammer mill in the pharmaceutical industry?
What is the primary purpose of using a hammer mill in the pharmaceutical industry?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of pharmaceutical materials are not suitable for size reduction using a hammer mill?
What type of pharmaceutical materials are not suitable for size reduction using a hammer mill?
Signup and view all the answers
What particle size range can be achieved using a hammer mill in pharmaceutical applications?
What particle size range can be achieved using a hammer mill in pharmaceutical applications?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of materials can be milled by hammer mills?
What type of materials can be milled by hammer mills?
Signup and view all the answers
In which industry is impact size reduction primarily done by hammer mills?
In which industry is impact size reduction primarily done by hammer mills?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of using a hammer mill in the pharmaceutical industry?
What is the primary purpose of using a hammer mill in the pharmaceutical industry?
Signup and view all the answers
Hammer mills can only be used for milling dry materials.
Hammer mills can only be used for milling dry materials.
Signup and view all the answers
Particle size reduction is not important in the pharmaceutical industry.
Particle size reduction is not important in the pharmaceutical industry.
Signup and view all the answers
Moisture content does not affect the size reduction process of pharmaceutical materials.
Moisture content does not affect the size reduction process of pharmaceutical materials.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of using a hammer mill in the pharmaceutical industry?
What is the primary purpose of using a hammer mill in the pharmaceutical industry?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of materials can be milled by the hammer mills?
What type of materials can be milled by the hammer mills?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the impact of hammer mill on agglomerates?
What is the impact of hammer mill on agglomerates?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correct advantage of using a hammer mill for particle size reduction?
Which of the following correct advantage of using a hammer mill for particle size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
How is the particle size of material controlled in a hammer mill?
How is the particle size of material controlled in a hammer mill?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a feature of the operation of a hammer mill for particle size reduction?
What is a feature of the operation of a hammer mill for particle size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential issue with the high speed of operation in a hammer mill?
What is a potential issue with the high speed of operation in a hammer mill?
Signup and view all the answers
How can the potential damage by foreign objects such as stones or metal in the feed be minimized in a hammer mill?
How can the potential damage by foreign objects such as stones or metal in the feed be minimized in a hammer mill?
Signup and view all the answers
What must be controlled carefully to prevent choking and decreased efficiency in a hammer mill?
What must be controlled carefully to prevent choking and decreased efficiency in a hammer mill?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of equipment is suitable for reducing intermediate particles?
What type of equipment is suitable for reducing intermediate particles?
Signup and view all the answers
What property causes difficulty in size reduction as material may adhere to the grinding surfaces or meshes of the screen?
What property causes difficulty in size reduction as material may adhere to the grinding surfaces or meshes of the screen?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term used for size reduction by applying pressure?
What is the term used for size reduction by applying pressure?
Signup and view all the answers
What determines particle size in a Cutter Mill?
What determines particle size in a Cutter Mill?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the pharmaceutical use of a Cutter Mill?
What is the pharmaceutical use of a Cutter Mill?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor determines particle size in a hammer mill?
Which factor determines particle size in a hammer mill?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correct advantage of using a Cutter Mill for size reduction?
Which of the following correct advantage of using a Cutter Mill for size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is a Cutter Mill not suitable for most pharmaceutical applications?
Why is a Cutter Mill not suitable for most pharmaceutical applications?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correct disadvantage of using a Cutter Mill for size reduction?
Which of the following correct disadvantage of using a Cutter Mill for size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
Is Cutter Mill the best option for size reduction when impaction, attrition, or compaction type milling is not effective, especially for tough, fibrous, or resilient materials?
Is Cutter Mill the best option for size reduction when impaction, attrition, or compaction type milling is not effective, especially for tough, fibrous, or resilient materials?
Signup and view all the answers
Is Cutter Mill suitable for most pharmaceutical applications due to the formation of wide particles size?
Is Cutter Mill suitable for most pharmaceutical applications due to the formation of wide particles size?
Signup and view all the answers
TRUE OR FALSE : Cutter Mill equipment is not expensive
TRUE OR FALSE : Cutter Mill equipment is not expensive
Signup and view all the answers
Which method is known for preparing nanosuspensions of drugs with poor water solubility?
Which method is known for preparing nanosuspensions of drugs with poor water solubility?
Signup and view all the answers
What advantage does High pressure homogenization (HPH) offer over conventional size reducing methods?
What advantage does High pressure homogenization (HPH) offer over conventional size reducing methods?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a reported improvement resulting from the use of High pressure homogenization (HPH)?
What is a reported improvement resulting from the use of High pressure homogenization (HPH)?
Signup and view all the answers
High pressure homogenization (HPH) is a top down technology used for preparing nanosuspensions of drugs with poor water solubility.
High pressure homogenization (HPH) is a top down technology used for preparing nanosuspensions of drugs with poor water solubility.
Signup and view all the answers
HPH is particularly advantageous for comminution of drug particles because it overcomes the drawbacks of conventional size reducing methods.
HPH is particularly advantageous for comminution of drug particles because it overcomes the drawbacks of conventional size reducing methods.
Signup and view all the answers
Fluid energy milling is also known as air jet milling
Fluid energy milling is also known as air jet milling
Signup and view all the answers
In fluid energy milling, particle size reduction is brought about by a combination of impact and attrition
In fluid energy milling, particle size reduction is brought about by a combination of impact and attrition
Signup and view all the answers
A classifier may be integrated into the milling system to remove particles above a predefined cut-off size
A classifier may be integrated into the milling system to remove particles above a predefined cut-off size
Signup and view all the answers
Fluid energy milling can effectively reduce the size of drug particles to less than 20 μm
Fluid energy milling can effectively reduce the size of drug particles to less than 20 μm
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism of particle size reduction in fluid energy milling?
What is the primary mechanism of particle size reduction in fluid energy milling?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does a classifier play in fluid energy milling?
What role does a classifier play in fluid energy milling?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of high velocity compressed air streams in fluid energy milling?
What is the purpose of high velocity compressed air streams in fluid energy milling?
Signup and view all the answers
How does attrition contribute to particle size reduction in fluid energy milling?
How does attrition contribute to particle size reduction in fluid energy milling?
Signup and view all the answers
Fluid energy milling is suitable for meltable materials and heatsensitive drugs.
Fluid energy milling is suitable for meltable materials and heatsensitive drugs.
Signup and view all the answers
Raw materials are introduced into the violent and turbulent air stream in fluid energy milling.
Raw materials are introduced into the violent and turbulent air stream in fluid energy milling.
Signup and view all the answers
Particle size reduction in fluid energy milling is brought about by a combination of impact and attrition.
Particle size reduction in fluid energy milling is brought about by a combination of impact and attrition.
Signup and view all the answers
High Pressure Homogenization (HPH) is not suitable for formulating parenteral formulations due to risk of contamination from milling media.
High Pressure Homogenization (HPH) is not suitable for formulating parenteral formulations due to risk of contamination from milling media.
Signup and view all the answers
HPH has been successfully demonstrated to formulate nano suspensions of poorly soluble drugs like prednisolone and carbamazepine for parenteral administration.
HPH has been successfully demonstrated to formulate nano suspensions of poorly soluble drugs like prednisolone and carbamazepine for parenteral administration.
Signup and view all the answers
HPH can protect from microbial contamination by eliminating potential contaminants in the high pressure environment.
HPH can protect from microbial contamination by eliminating potential contaminants in the high pressure environment.
Signup and view all the answers
What is a reported improvement resulting from the use of High pressure homogenization (HPH)?
What is a reported improvement resulting from the use of High pressure homogenization (HPH)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method is known for preparing nanosuspensions of drugs with poor water solubility?
Which method is known for preparing nanosuspensions of drugs with poor water solubility?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is High pressure homogenization (HPH) considered suitable for formulating parenteral formulations?
Why is High pressure homogenization (HPH) considered suitable for formulating parenteral formulations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the reported improvement resulting from the use of High pressure homogenization (HPH)?
What is the reported improvement resulting from the use of High pressure homogenization (HPH)?
Signup and view all the answers
What has been suggested about High pressure homogenization (HPH) as a technique?
What has been suggested about High pressure homogenization (HPH) as a technique?
Signup and view all the answers
What did the formulation of nifedipine as nanoparticles demonstrate?
What did the formulation of nifedipine as nanoparticles demonstrate?
Signup and view all the answers
Is milling immediate due to high-velocity collisions between particles suspended in the air stream?
Is milling immediate due to high-velocity collisions between particles suspended in the air stream?
Signup and view all the answers
Are grinding nozzles used to increase particle velocity and impact energy in the milling process?
Are grinding nozzles used to increase particle velocity and impact energy in the milling process?
Signup and view all the answers
Does the classifier remove smaller particles in the fluid energy milling process?
Does the classifier remove smaller particles in the fluid energy milling process?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the grinding nozzles in fluid energy milling?
What is the purpose of the grinding nozzles in fluid energy milling?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the classifier in fluid energy milling?
What is the function of the classifier in fluid energy milling?
Signup and view all the answers
Why are hygroscopic materials recommended to be comminuted inside closed equipment like a ball mill?
Why are hygroscopic materials recommended to be comminuted inside closed equipment like a ball mill?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correct of micronizing pharmaceutical ingredients?
Which of the following correct of micronizing pharmaceutical ingredients?
Signup and view all the answers
How is micronization achieved in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
How is micronization achieved in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
Signup and view all the answers
What impact does particle size reduction have on the manufacturing of finished dosage forms?
What impact does particle size reduction have on the manufacturing of finished dosage forms?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a high feed rate result in during particle size reduction?
What does a high feed rate result in during particle size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor does not influence the particle size during milling?
Which factor does not influence the particle size during milling?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the factors that influences particle size during milling?
What is one of the factors that influences particle size during milling?
Signup and view all the answers
Particle size depends on the configuration of the mill, feed size, position of the nozzles, design of the classifier, and feed rate.
Particle size depends on the configuration of the mill, feed size, position of the nozzles, design of the classifier, and feed rate.
Signup and view all the answers
A high feed rate can result in larger particle size in the size reduction process.
A high feed rate can result in larger particle size in the size reduction process.
Signup and view all the answers
A slow feed rate can result in smaller particle size in the size reduction process.
A slow feed rate can result in smaller particle size in the size reduction process.
Signup and view all the answers
Is fluid energy milling suitable for milling soft, tacky, fibrous materials?
Is fluid energy milling suitable for milling soft, tacky, fibrous materials?
Signup and view all the answers
Does fluid energy milling use inert gases to minimize or eliminate oxidation of susceptible compounds?
Does fluid energy milling use inert gases to minimize or eliminate oxidation of susceptible compounds?
Signup and view all the answers
Does fluid energy milling produce very small and uniformly distributed particles?
Does fluid energy milling produce very small and uniformly distributed particles?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correct advantage does fluid energy milling offer in terms of heat-labile substances?
Which of the following correct advantage does fluid energy milling offer in terms of heat-labile substances?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential benefit of using inert gases instead of air in fluid energy milling?
What is a potential benefit of using inert gases instead of air in fluid energy milling?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of materials are recommended for ultra-fine grinding using fluid energy milling?
What type of materials are recommended for ultra-fine grinding using fluid energy milling?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correct disadvantage of fluid energy milling?
Which of the following correct disadvantage of fluid energy milling?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is fluid energy milling considered expensive?
Why is fluid energy milling considered expensive?
Signup and view all the answers
The equipment for fluid energy milling is expensive because it requires additional accessories like fluid energy source and dust collection equipment.
The equipment for fluid energy milling is expensive because it requires additional accessories like fluid energy source and dust collection equipment.
Signup and view all the answers
Ball milling is primarily used for pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.
Ball milling is primarily used for pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.
Signup and view all the answers
Ball milling can be used for particle size reduction, mixing, blending, and dispersing of materials.
Ball milling can be used for particle size reduction, mixing, blending, and dispersing of materials.
Signup and view all the answers
Particle size reduction is not an important application of ball mills.
Particle size reduction is not an important application of ball mills.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the applications of ball mills ?
What are the applications of ball mills ?
Signup and view all the answers
In which industries are ball mills widely used?
In which industries are ball mills widely used?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correct technological process applied in ball mills?
Which of the following correct technological process applied in ball mills?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of a ball milling device of particle size reduction?
What is the primary purpose of a ball milling device of particle size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the cylindrical vessel in a ball milling device?
What is the function of the cylindrical vessel in a ball milling device?
Signup and view all the answers
What initiates the milling process in a ball milling device?
What initiates the milling process in a ball milling device?
Signup and view all the answers
A ball milling device is not capable of controlling the particle size of the material being milled
A ball milling device is not capable of controlling the particle size of the material being milled
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of a ball milling device?
What is the primary purpose of a ball milling device?
Signup and view all the answers
What takes place during the milling process in a ball milling device?
What takes place during the milling process in a ball milling device?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the grinding media in a ball milling device?
What is the function of the grinding media in a ball milling device?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary mechanism by which a ball mill produces size reduction?
What is the primary mechanism by which a ball mill produces size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of the total volume do the balls typically occupy in a ball mill?
What percentage of the total volume do the balls typically occupy in a ball mill?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of having balls with different diameters in a ball mill?
What is the purpose of having balls with different diameters in a ball mill?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is the amount of material in a ball mill of considerable importance?
Why is the amount of material in a ball mill of considerable importance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the factor of greatest importance in the operation of a ball mill?
What is the factor of greatest importance in the operation of a ball mill?
Signup and view all the answers
At what angular velocity do balls in the ball mill move with the drum until gravity exceeds frictional force?
At what angular velocity do balls in the ball mill move with the drum until gravity exceeds frictional force?
Signup and view all the answers
At what point does a cascading action occur in the ball mill?
At what point does a cascading action occur in the ball mill?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the optimum rate of rotation dependent on in a ball mill?
What is the optimum rate of rotation dependent on in a ball mill?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor is of greatest importance in the operation of the ball mill for efficient size reduction?
What factor is of greatest importance in the operation of the ball mill for efficient size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
At what angular velocity do the balls in the ball mill experience a cascading action for efficient size reduction?
At what angular velocity do the balls in the ball mill experience a cascading action for efficient size reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs when the balls in the ball mill are thrown out to the mill wall at high angular velocities?
What occurs when the balls in the ball mill are thrown out to the mill wall at high angular velocities?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the optimum rate of rotation for a ball mill dependent on?
What is the optimum rate of rotation for a ball mill dependent on?
Signup and view all the answers
The optimum rate of rotation is usually of the order of 0.5 revolutions per second.
The optimum rate of rotation is usually of the order of 0.5 revolutions per second.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three types of grinding media commonly used in ball mills?
What are the three types of grinding media commonly used in ball mills?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most frequently used type of grinding media in ball mills?
What is the most frequently used type of grinding media in ball mills?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the range of ball sizes commonly used as grinding media in ball mills?
What is the range of ball sizes commonly used as grinding media in ball mills?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correct types of grinding media commonly used in ball mills?
Which of the following correct types of grinding media commonly used in ball mills?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens at and above the critical speed in a ball mill?
What happens at and above the critical speed in a ball mill?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary combination of actions involved in ball milling?
What is the primary combination of actions involved in ball milling?
Signup and view all the answers
The critical speed of a ball mill is the speed at which the balls just begin to centrifuge with the mill.
The critical speed of a ball mill is the speed at which the balls just begin to centrifuge with the mill.
Signup and view all the answers
At and above the critical speed, significant size reduction occurs.
At and above the critical speed, significant size reduction occurs.
Signup and view all the answers
Ball mills are operated from 60 to 85% of the critical speed.
Ball mills are operated from 60 to 85% of the critical speed.
Signup and view all the answers
For a given feed, smaller balls give a slower but finer grinding.
For a given feed, smaller balls give a slower but finer grinding.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the empiric rule for the optimum speed of a ball mill?
What is the empiric rule for the optimum speed of a ball mill?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of the critical speed are ball mills typically operated from?
What percentage of the critical speed are ball mills typically operated from?
Signup and view all the answers
How do smaller balls affect the grinding process in a ball mill?
How do smaller balls affect the grinding process in a ball mill?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following correct of critical speed depend on ?
Which of the following correct of critical speed depend on ?
Signup and view all the answers
What influences the size of the product in a ball mill?
What influences the size of the product in a ball mill?
Signup and view all the answers
Critical Speed in a ball mill depends on the chamber size, grinding media size, and material characteristics.
Critical Speed in a ball mill depends on the chamber size, grinding media size, and material characteristics.
Signup and view all the answers
The rate of feed, weight of balls, and discharge freedom are factors influencing the size of the product in a ball mill.
The rate of feed, weight of balls, and discharge freedom are factors influencing the size of the product in a ball mill.
Signup and view all the answers
Ball mill can only be used for dry grinding processes.
Ball mill can only be used for dry grinding processes.
Signup and view all the answers
Rod or bars can also be used as grinding media in a ball mill.
Rod or bars can also be used as grinding media in a ball mill.
Signup and view all the answers
Installation, operation and labour costs are high for a ball mill.
Installation, operation and labour costs are high for a ball mill.
Signup and view all the answers
Is the ball mill a very noisy machine?
Is the ball mill a very noisy machine?
Signup and view all the answers
Is the ball mill a slow process?
Is the ball mill a slow process?
Signup and view all the answers
Can soft, tacky, fibrous material be milled by ball mill?
Can soft, tacky, fibrous material be milled by ball mill?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the principle of operation of the oscillating granulator?
What is the principle of operation of the oscillating granulator?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the product size obtained from the oscillating granulator?
What is the product size obtained from the oscillating granulator?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of materials can the oscillating granulator be used for?
What type of materials can the oscillating granulator be used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of equipment can be used for direct collection of wet granulations?
What type of equipment can be used for direct collection of wet granulations?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the specially fitted collector funnel mentioned in the text?
What is the primary function of the specially fitted collector funnel mentioned in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
What part of the equipment allows for interchangeability and production of particles with desired size?
What part of the equipment allows for interchangeability and production of particles with desired size?
Signup and view all the answers
How are particles fractured in attrition methods?
How are particles fractured in attrition methods?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of materials are roller mills primarily used for?
What type of materials are roller mills primarily used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the typical range of particle size achievable with roller mills?
What is the typical range of particle size achievable with roller mills?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of a colloid mill?
What is the primary function of a colloid mill?
Signup and view all the answers
In a colloid mill, what happens when the heavier liquid is added to the chamber?
In a colloid mill, what happens when the heavier liquid is added to the chamber?
Signup and view all the answers
In some models of colloid mills, what remains constant while the milling process takes place?
In some models of colloid mills, what remains constant while the milling process takes place?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of device is a colloid mill?
What type of device is a colloid mill?
Signup and view all the answers
Colloid mills work by passing the material through the narrow gap between the rotor and stator to reduce particle size:
Colloid mills work by passing the material through the narrow gap between the rotor and stator to reduce particle size:
Signup and view all the answers
In some models of colloid mills, the stator remains constant while the rotor rotates:
In some models of colloid mills, the stator remains constant while the rotor rotates:
Signup and view all the answers
The primary function of the specially fitted collector funnel in the colloid mill is to collect the milled material:
The primary function of the specially fitted collector funnel in the colloid mill is to collect the milled material:
Signup and view all the answers
The process of colloid milling is done through the addition of the heavier liquid into the chamber of the mill that performs the shearing process:
The process of colloid milling is done through the addition of the heavier liquid into the chamber of the mill that performs the shearing process:
Signup and view all the answers
Colloid mills are used for dispersion of solid particles within a liquid.
Colloid mills are used for dispersion of solid particles within a liquid.
Signup and view all the answers
Colloid mills can be used to increase the stability of suspensions and emulsions.
Colloid mills can be used to increase the stability of suspensions and emulsions.
Signup and view all the answers
High levels of hydraulic shear are applied to the process liquid in a colloid mill.
High levels of hydraulic shear are applied to the process liquid in a colloid mill.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of a colloid mill?
What is the primary purpose of a colloid mill?
Signup and view all the answers
What controls the particle size produced by a colloid mill?
What controls the particle size produced by a colloid mill?
Signup and view all the answers
Why must a colloid mill be jacketed and cooled during operation?
Why must a colloid mill be jacketed and cooled during operation?
Signup and view all the answers
Colloid mills can produce colloidal suspensions, emulsions, and solid dispersions by means of high shear forces
Colloid mills can produce colloidal suspensions, emulsions, and solid dispersions by means of high shear forces
Signup and view all the answers
The rotor and stator in a colloid mill can be adjusted to create a very small clearance for producing fine particles
The rotor and stator in a colloid mill can be adjusted to create a very small clearance for producing fine particles
Signup and view all the answers
A large amount of heat can be produced during the operation of a colloid mill, necessitating the need for jacketing and cooling
A large amount of heat can be produced during the operation of a colloid mill, necessitating the need for jacketing and cooling
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Key Themes and Concepts
- Emphasis on personal growth and self-discovery as vital components of human experiences.
- The interplay between individual choices and societal expectations shapes identity and life paths.
Psychological Aspects
- Exploration of cognitive dissonance, where conflicting attitudes and beliefs can lead to inner turmoil.
- The importance of resilience and adaptability in overcoming challenges and failures.
Societal Impact
- Discussion on the role of culture and community in influencing personal values and decisions.
- The impact of social media on self-perception and mental health, including the pressure for conformity.
Historical Context
- Reflection on how historical events and movements have shaped contemporary societal norms and values.
- The influence of major figures and milestones in history that catalyzed change in various spheres, such as civil rights and gender equality.
Methodologies
- Use of qualitative research methods to gather personal narratives and testimonies on personal development experiences.
- Incorporation of case studies to illustrate broader themes of identity and societal pressures.
Conclusion Insights
- Recognition that personal journeys are unique and multifaceted, often requiring a balance between personal desires and external influences.
- Call to action for greater self-awareness and proactive engagement with one's own life narrative.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge about the particle size reduction process, its effects on drug product performance, and its impact on drug product manufacturability.
