Particle Accelerators and Detectors

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What is the main function of a particle accelerator?

To accelerate charged particles to high speeds (correct)

To generate electricity

To produce electromagnetic fields

To create nuclear fission reactions

Which type of accelerator did Ernest Lawrence develop in 1929?

Cathode ray tube

Cyclotron (correct)

Linear accelerator

Circular accelerator

What is the function of a linear accelerator?

To generate electricity through particle collisions

To create magnetic fields

To accelerate particles in a straight line (correct)

To accelerate particles in a circular path

What was the main use of the early particle accelerator shown in the picture from 1937?

Development of the first atomic bomb Signup and view all the answers

What type of accelerator is small enough to fit inside a television?

Cathode ray tube Signup and view all the answers

In modern linear accelerators, what is often present at one end to create collisions?

Target Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of a cyclotron?

To produce radionuclides Signup and view all the answers

How do circular accelerators bring particles up to very high speeds?

By allowing each particle to be accelerated for longer time around the accelerator Signup and view all the answers

Where is CERN's LHC located?

Near Geneva, Switzerland Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Fermilab's Tevatron?

To accelerate particles to very high speeds Signup and view all the answers

What happens to charged particles in a cyclotron?

They are allowed to pass through electric and magnetic fields acting at right angles to each other continuously Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of particle detectors at Fermilab?

To analyze nature and type of particles resulting from collisions Signup and view all the answers

What do scientists learn from analyzing the nature and type of particles resulting from collisions?

Small building blocks of matter at a more fundamental level Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between how protons and anti-protons are accelerated at Fermilab?

Protons are accelerated in 1 direction and anti-protons are accelerated in opposite direction Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Stanford Linear Accelerator?

To propel particles along a circular path using e/m until particles reach desired speeds/energies Signup and view all the answers

What type of ions are mainly accelerated using cyclotrons?

Positively charged ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Physic-chemical stage in the biological effects of ionizing radiation (IR)?

Creation of injurious processes at the cellular level Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Chemical stage in the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on organisms and populations?

Formation of molecules with abnormal structure and function Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of ionizing radiation (IR) does the transfer of kinetic energy from IR to atoms or molecules occur?

Physical stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the time frame for the Biological Stage in the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on organisms and populations?

Seconds to years Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of ionizing radiation (IR) do reactions occur between free radicals and intact molecules?

Chemical stage Signup and view all the answers

What does the Physic-chemical stage involve in the effects of ionizing radiation (IR)?

Formation of free radicals Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic mechanism that triggers events causing radiation damage to living tissues?

Ionization Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves the production of reactive free radicals causing damage to key molecules with biological effect?

Radiolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of energy transfer to an atom with 'decay' to free radical species?

Radiolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant molecule in biological systems involved in the formation and propagation of radical species?

Water Signup and view all the answers

How does oxygen modify reactions in the context of radical formation?

By enabling the creation of other free radical species Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if particles or photons transfer sufficient energy to remove one electron from the target atom?

Ionization Signup and view all the answers

When does excitation occur in atoms of key molecules in biological systems?

When energy is transferred to remove an electron from inner to outer orbital shell Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of energy transfer along a molecule to the side of bond weakness?

Causing bond breaks Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components of an ion pair produced during ionization?

Ions and free electrons Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if particles or photons transfer sufficient energy to remove one electron from an inner to outer orbital shell?

Excitation Signup and view all the answers