Parkinson's Disease Treatment Overview

Which cholinesterase inhibitor is effective in advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease?

What is the mechanism of action of memantine?

Which of the following treatments is indicated for an Alzheimer patient experiencing urinary urgency?

Which statement is true regarding the use of Donepezil?

Which herbal medication is mentioned as being used for Alzheimer's disease?

What is the primary purpose of carbidopa when used with levodopa in Parkinson’s treatment?

Which of the following medications is NOT associated with causing dizziness in Parkinson's patients?

What side effect is specifically associated with amantadine in Parkinson's treatment?

Which of the following drugs is classified as a dopamine receptor agonist?

Which medication is contraindicated in Parkinson's disease due to risk of extrapyramidal side effects?

What condition is caused by the hepatotoxicity associated with tolcapone?

The use of which drug is indicated for treating psychosis in Parkinson’s disease?

What is the mechanism of action of levodopa?

Parkinson's Disease (PD) Treatment

Metoclopramide: Not recommended due to extrapyramidal side effects.
Levodopa/Carbidopa:
- Levodopa is a dopamine precursor; dosage is dependent on carbidopa.
- Carbidopa prevents peripheral metabolism of levodopa, increasing dopamine levels in the brain.
- Administered on an empty stomach for optimal absorption.
Dopamine Receptor Agonists: Include Pramipexole, Ropinirole, Apomorphine, Rotigotine.
COMT Inhibitors: Tolcapone, which is hepatotoxic.
Amantadine: Antiviral and antiparkinsonian; may cause livedo reticularis (pigmentation changes).
- Works by inhibiting viral M2 protein, blocking viral uncoating, and acts as a dopamine agonist.
Anticholinergics: Trihexyphenidyl, which can cause mydriasis (dilated pupils) and is contraindicated in patients with glaucoma.

Managing Parkinson's Disease Symptoms

Nausea management: Decrease carbidopa dosage if high doses cause nausea; consider using Domperidone for symptom relief.
Medications causing dizziness include Apomorphine, Pramipexole, Ropinirole, and Retigabine.
Psychosis in PD patients can be treated with Quetiapine or Primavanserin.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Treatment

Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine.
- Used for mild to moderate cases (Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine).
- For advanced cases, only Donepezil is used.
NMDA Receptor Antagonist: Memantine, which has an antagonist effect at NMDA and serotonin receptors.
Benzodiazepines (BZDs): Diazepam, Alprazolam, Clonazepam, Lorazepam are used in AD.
Urinary Urgency in AD: Oxybutynin can be prescribed for patients experiencing this symptom.
Herbal Supplements: Ginkgo biloba and Caprylidene are considered for improving cerebral blood flow in AD patients.

Summary of Alzheimer’s Disease Management

All stages of AD: Donepezil recommended.
Moderate to severe stages: Memantine with or without Donepezil.
Urinary urgency characterized by an uncontrollable urge to urinate due to involuntary bladder contractions.

Explore the treatment methods for Parkinson's Disease (PD), focusing on the use of Levodopa and Carbidopa. This quiz will cover the pharmacological aspects, side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms, and the underlying mechanisms of dopamine regulation. Test your understanding of the neuropharmacology related to PD.