Questions and Answers
What is a primary treatment for Parkinson's Disease that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is converted to dopamine?
Bradykinesia refers to rapid movements in Parkinson's Disease.
False
Name one common symptom of Parkinson's Disease that affects writing.
Handwriting changes
The drug combination of _____ and _____ is commonly prescribed for Parkinson's Disease.
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Match the following Parkinson's Disease symptoms with their descriptions:
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Which of these is NOT a symptom of Parkinson's Disease?
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Entacapone blocks the breakdown of dopamine, prolonging the effects of carbidopa/levodopa.
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What should be prioritized for a Parkinson's Disease patient during meals to prevent choking?
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Which of the following is NOT recommended to prevent increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?
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Increased ICP can be managed by assessing respiratory status.
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List three signs and symptoms of encephalitis.
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During seizure precautions, it is important to keep the patient in a __________ position.
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Match the following conditions with their symptoms:
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What is a common complication of immobility that must be monitored for?
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Preventing increased ICP includes avoiding coughing.
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What is the primary treatment focus in managing symptoms of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?
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Which medication is primarily used as a dopaminergic agent for Parkinson's Disease?
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Amphetamines can be used to manage weight loss, ADHD, and narcolepsy.
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What are common side effects of dopamine receptor agonists used for Parkinson's Disease?
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The medication __________ is used for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease by increasing acetylcholine levels.
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Match the following medications with their respective uses:
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What is a potential side effect of taking more than 200 mg of medication in 24 hours?
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Patients taking beta blockers can experience tachycardia as a side effect.
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What is the primary role of immunomodulators in multiple sclerosis treatment?
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Study Notes
Parkinson's Disease
- Progressive degenerative disorder affecting the basal ganglia, leading to loss of coordination and involuntary motor control.
- Caused by dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia.
Signs and Symptoms
- Tremor: Most common in upper extremities, worsening at rest, with pill-rolling motion.
- Rigidity: Stiffness in limbs.
- Bradykinesia: Extremely slow movements, leading to loss of dexterity and power.
- Additional symptoms include aching, monotone voice, altered handwriting, drooling, reduced facial expressions, rhythmic head nodding, reduced blinking, and slumped posture.
- Associated mental health concerns: depression and dementia.
Medical Treatment
- Non-pharmacological interventions include massage, heat, exercise, and gait retraining.
Drug Therapy
- Dopamine Receptor Agonists: Examples include pramipexole (Mirapex) and ropinirole (Requip), critical for maximizing dopamine effects.
- Levodopa (L-dopa): Key medication, crosses the blood-brain barrier and converts to dopamine; often used in combination with carbidopa.
- Carbidopa: A decarboxylase inhibitor to prevent levodopa breakdown outside the basal ganglia; often paired as carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet).
- Entacapone (Comtan): Used adjunctively to prolong carbidopa/levodopa's effectiveness.
Patient Interventions
- Encourage patient independence with support as needed.
- Engage physical therapy (PT), occupational therapy (OT), and speech therapy (ST).
- Implement fall precautions and aspiration precautions, including positioning during meals and food modifications.
Related Conditions
- Alzheimer's Disease: Characterized by acetylcholine deficiency and neuronal damage, treated with donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine, and memantine (Namenda).
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Involves immunomodulators like interferon and immunosuppressants like mitoxantrone.
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Managed with stimulants (amphetamines) and non-stimulants (methylphenidate), with attention to potential for abuse and side effects.
General Patient Care Considerations
- Monitor for increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in various neurologic conditions.
- Manage mobility-related complications, such as disuse syndrome, and implement seizure precautions as needed.
- Maintain effective communication and education about medications and lifestyle adjustments to optimize patient outcomes.
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Description
Explore the key aspects of Parkinson's Disease, a progressive degenerative disorder affecting the basal ganglia. This quiz covers symptoms like tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia, as well as the underlying loss of dopamine that contributes to these motor control issues.
