Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which symptom indicates a lower motor neuron (LMN) issue?
Which symptom indicates a lower motor neuron (LMN) issue?
- Muscle atrophy (correct)
- Spasticity
- Hyperreflexia
- Decreased sensory-evoked potentials
What is a characteristic of motor unit action potentials in affected motor neurons?
What is a characteristic of motor unit action potentials in affected motor neurons?
- No change in action potential amplitude
- Increased amplitude
- Increased duration
- Decreased polyphasic action potentials (correct)
Which condition often presents with random laughter or crying without obvious reason?
Which condition often presents with random laughter or crying without obvious reason?
- Spasticity
- Pseudobulbar affect (correct)
- Cervical spine extensor weakness
- Dysphagia
In motor neuron conditions, what typically does not show any change?
In motor neuron conditions, what typically does not show any change?
Which of the following is a common symptom of cervical spine extensor weakness?
Which of the following is a common symptom of cervical spine extensor weakness?
What condition might make climbing stairs easier than walking for some individuals with PD?
What condition might make climbing stairs easier than walking for some individuals with PD?
Which symptom is characterized by a decreased volume of speech?
Which symptom is characterized by a decreased volume of speech?
Which of the following is a common consequence of disuse and inactivity in individuals with PD?
Which of the following is a common consequence of disuse and inactivity in individuals with PD?
What term describes the condition of extreme restlessness often seen in individuals with PD?
What term describes the condition of extreme restlessness often seen in individuals with PD?
Which of the following is a common autonomic change in those with PD?
Which of the following is a common autonomic change in those with PD?
What posture is often seen in individuals with PD due to weak antigravity muscles?
What posture is often seen in individuals with PD due to weak antigravity muscles?
Which of the following effects can lead to decreased endurance in individuals with PD?
Which of the following effects can lead to decreased endurance in individuals with PD?
Which of the following is considered uncommon in individuals with PD?
Which of the following is considered uncommon in individuals with PD?
What characterizes lead-pipe rigidity?
What characterizes lead-pipe rigidity?
Which of the following terms describe the inability to initiate movement?
Which of the following terms describe the inability to initiate movement?
What is a characteristic of festinating gait?
What is a characteristic of festinating gait?
Which movement difficulty is associated with akinesia in later stages of Parkinson's disease?
Which movement difficulty is associated with akinesia in later stages of Parkinson's disease?
What might be an effective treatment for someone with a forward festinating gait?
What might be an effective treatment for someone with a forward festinating gait?
Which of the following is a symptom of postural instability?
Which of the following is a symptom of postural instability?
In postural instability, which postural change is often seen?
In postural instability, which postural change is often seen?
What does freezing of gait refer to?
What does freezing of gait refer to?
What is the primary neurotransmitter depleted in Parkinson disease?
What is the primary neurotransmitter depleted in Parkinson disease?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with Parkinson disease?
Which of the following symptoms is associated with Parkinson disease?
Which term describes the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in neurons in Parkinson disease?
Which term describes the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in neurons in Parkinson disease?
What does the 'R' in the mnemonic 'TRAP' stand for regarding Parkinson disease symptoms?
What does the 'R' in the mnemonic 'TRAP' stand for regarding Parkinson disease symptoms?
In early stages of Parkinson disease, rigidity is typically characterized by which of the following?
In early stages of Parkinson disease, rigidity is typically characterized by which of the following?
What is a characteristic feature of cogwheel rigidity found in Parkinson disease?
What is a characteristic feature of cogwheel rigidity found in Parkinson disease?
Which of the following is NOT a known etiology of Parkinson disease?
Which of the following is NOT a known etiology of Parkinson disease?
When do symptoms typically appear in individuals with Parkinson disease?
When do symptoms typically appear in individuals with Parkinson disease?
What is a common characteristic of restrictive lung disease?
What is a common characteristic of restrictive lung disease?
What is considered the gold standard drug for treating motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease?
What is considered the gold standard drug for treating motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease?
What condition is characterized by poor dual-tasking ability?
What condition is characterized by poor dual-tasking ability?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT an early sign of Parkinson's disease?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT an early sign of Parkinson's disease?
What should caregivers focus on for maintaining safety during ambulation in Parkinson's disease patients?
What should caregivers focus on for maintaining safety during ambulation in Parkinson's disease patients?
What is a common cause of death in patients with restrictive lung disease?
What is a common cause of death in patients with restrictive lung disease?
What is essential to assess before examination or treatment in a Parkinson's disease patient?
What is essential to assess before examination or treatment in a Parkinson's disease patient?
What should be avoided when addressing festinating gait in Parkinson's disease?
What should be avoided when addressing festinating gait in Parkinson's disease?
Which condition is characterized by sudden, violent, and large-amplitude flailing motions on one side of the body?
Which condition is characterized by sudden, violent, and large-amplitude flailing motions on one side of the body?
What is a common presentation of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
What is a common presentation of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
Which type of movement disorder is characterized by rhythmic, involuntary writhing movements typically affecting the distal upper extremities?
Which type of movement disorder is characterized by rhythmic, involuntary writhing movements typically affecting the distal upper extremities?
What type of muscle activity is associated with hyperkinesia?
What type of muscle activity is associated with hyperkinesia?
Which term describes a condition that leads to abnormal posturing or twisting movements due to muscle rigidity?
Which term describes a condition that leads to abnormal posturing or twisting movements due to muscle rigidity?
What is a potential life expectancy following a diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
What is a potential life expectancy following a diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
Which area of the body is most commonly affected by hemiballismus?
Which area of the body is most commonly affected by hemiballismus?
Spasmodic torticollis is associated with which movement disorder?
Spasmodic torticollis is associated with which movement disorder?
Flashcards
Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's Disease
A chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the depletion of dopamine from the substantia nigra in the basal ganglia (BG).
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
This is the main neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), a part of the autonomic nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions like digestion and heart rate.
Lewy Bodies
Lewy Bodies
These are abnormal protein clumps that accumulate in brain cells, which are a hallmark of Parkinson's disease.
Resting Tremor
Resting Tremor
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Rigidity
Rigidity
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Cogwheel Rigidity
Cogwheel Rigidity
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Parkinsonism
Parkinsonism
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TRAP
TRAP
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Lead-pipe rigidity
Lead-pipe rigidity
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Akinesia and Bradykinesia
Akinesia and Bradykinesia
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Freezing of Gait
Freezing of Gait
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Festinating Gait
Festinating Gait
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Postural Instability
Postural Instability
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Rigidity with Tremor
Rigidity with Tremor
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Falls
Falls
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Active limitations due to rigidity
Active limitations due to rigidity
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Akinesia in Parkinson's Disease
Akinesia in Parkinson's Disease
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Decreased ROM in Parkinson's Disease
Decreased ROM in Parkinson's Disease
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Contractures in Parkinson's Disease
Contractures in Parkinson's Disease
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Kyphotic Posture in Parkinson's Disease
Kyphotic Posture in Parkinson's Disease
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Akathisia in Parkinson's Disease
Akathisia in Parkinson's Disease
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Sialorrhea in Parkinson's Disease
Sialorrhea in Parkinson's Disease
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Abnormal Thermoregulation in Parkinson's Disease
Abnormal Thermoregulation in Parkinson's Disease
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Hypophonia in Parkinson's Disease
Hypophonia in Parkinson's Disease
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Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Lesion
Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Lesion
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Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) Lesion
Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) Lesion
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Pseudobulbar Affect
Pseudobulbar Affect
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Dysphagia
Dysphagia
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Dysarthria
Dysarthria
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Hyperkinesia
Hyperkinesia
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Hemiballismus
Hemiballismus
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Dystonia
Dystonia
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Low Inspiratory Reserve Capacity (IRC)
Low Inspiratory Reserve Capacity (IRC)
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Spasmodic Torticollis
Spasmodic Torticollis
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Athetosis
Athetosis
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Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
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Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1)
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1)
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Residual Volume (RV)
Residual Volume (RV)
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Anterior Horn Cell Degeneration
Anterior Horn Cell Degeneration
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Bradyphrenia
Bradyphrenia
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Corticobulbar and Corticospinal Tract Degeneration
Corticobulbar and Corticospinal Tract Degeneration
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Levodopa/Carbidopa Combination (Sinemet)
Levodopa/Carbidopa Combination (Sinemet)
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On-Off Phenomenon
On-Off Phenomenon
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Study Notes
Parkinson's Disease (PD)
- Chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder
- Dopamine depletion in the basal ganglia (BG)
- Loss of inhibitory dopamine leads to excessive cholinergic (acetylcholine) output from BG
- Acetylcholine is the main transmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)
- Lewy bodies accumulate as the disease progresses
- Etiology includes infection (postencephalitic parkinsonism), atherosclerosis, and idiopathic factors, or drug/toxin-induced
- Parkinsonism shares symptoms with PD but isn't officially diagnosed as such
- Symptoms appear after 40% neuronal damage.
- "TRAP" mnemonic: Tremor (resting, pill-rolling), Rigidity (affects agonist and antagonist muscles), Akinesia/Bradykinesia (difficulty initiating and slow movements), Postural Instability.
- Tremor worsens with stress, often starting in one hand initially.
- Rigidity affects proximal muscles (shoulders, neck) initially, progressing to distal muscles.
- Cogwheel rigidity involves jerky resistance to passive movement.
- Lead-pipe rigidity involves sustained resistance to passive movement.
Parkinson's Disease Continued
- Akinesia means difficulty initiating movement; bradykinesia involves slow movements.
- Freezing episodes (fixed postures) are common symptoms.
- Posture characteristics include thoracic kyphosis, head forward posture, and decreased trunk rotation/arm swing.
- Festinating gait is characterized by a progressive increase in speed with short, shuffling steps.
- General lack of extension and a stooped posture are common.
- Freezing of gait: abrupt inability to initiate movement. Cognitive tasks (e.g., counting) or music can help.
- Hypophonia (decreased speech volume), Mask-like face (hypomimia), dysphasia, and dysarthria can occur in later stages.
- Orthostatic hypotension is a common complaint.
Huntington's Disease (HD)
- An autosomal-dominant, progressive neurodegenerative disorder.
- Caused by CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion
- Degeneration of BG and cerebral cortex.
- Typical age of diagnosis is 35-55 years
- Symptoms include Movement disorders(chorea, dystonia), Cognitive decline, and Behavioral changes.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Degeneration of anterior horn cells and corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts.
- Fatal disease, with an average lifespan of 5 years after diagnosis.
- Symptoms are UMN and LMN presentation, without sensory loss; decreased amplitude and duration of motor unit action potentials, no change in sensory evoked potentials; cervical spine extensor weakness; muscle atrophy and fasciculations; spasticity and hyperreflexia. Dysphagia, dysarthria, and pseudobulbar palsy are also common.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of Parkinson's Disease, a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopamine depletion. Learn about its symptoms, etiology, and the TRAP mnemonic to identify the key indicators of this condition. This quiz delves into the mechanisms and impacts of PD on the nervous system.
