52 Questions
What is the primary difference between the effects of ageing and neurodegenerative diseases on the brain?
Ageing shrinks nerve cells, but functions are still present, whereas neurodegenerative diseases result in a progressive loss of nerve cells and their functions
Which of the following neurodegenerative diseases is characterized by the degeneration of the peripheral nervous system?
Multiple sclerosis
What is the hallmark event in neurodegenerative diseases?
Misfolding, aggregation and accumulation of proteins
Which protein is involved in regulating the movement of the body in Parkinson's disease?
Dopamine
What is the part of the brain affected in Parkinson's disease?
Substantia nigra
What is a common feature among neurodegenerative diseases?
Progressive loss of nerve cells and their functions
What is responsible for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
A reduction in dopamine
Which part of the brain is connected to the basal ganglia?
Substantia nigra
What is the main symptom that leads to a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease?
Any one of the above
What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?
Motor control
What is the term for the slowing of movement in Parkinson's disease?
Bradykinesia
What is the role of the dopamine transporter scan (DaTscan) in diagnosing Parkinson's disease?
To support the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease
What is the age range for early onset Parkinson's disease?
Under 40
What is the substance that can cause nigrostriatal degeneration?
MPTP
What is the result of MPP+ on cellular components?
Increase in reactive oxygen species
What is the outcome of caspase activation in Parkinson's disease?
Programmed cell death
What is the primary function of the parkin protein encoded by the PARK2 gene in the context of proteinopathies?
E3 ubiquitin ligase
In PD brains, what was observed in the substantia nigra regarding proteasomal components?
Decreased expression of proteasomal components
What is the effect of pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome in wild-type rats?
Dopaminergic cell death
What is the role of α-synuclein in the context of neuroinflammation?
Triggering microglial activation
What is the effect of regular use of ibuprofen on PD risk?
Decreased PD risk
What is the hypothesized route of transmission for the ENS-formed α-syn seeds into the brain?
Increased permeability of the intestinal barrier
What is the effect of minocycline on DA cell death in rodent models of PD?
Decreased DA cell death
What is the primary function of levodopa in pharmacological treatment of PD?
Turning into dopamine
What is the characteristic of LB-like inclusions observed in mice with proteasomal defects?
Lack of dense core
What is the effect of UCH-L1 (PARK5) on proteasomal function?
Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase
Which of the following therapies is NOT mentioned as a supportive therapy for Parkinson's disease?
Medication therapy
What is the goal of reducing SNCA mRNA through modulating histone deacetylase (HDACs) or RNA interference (RNAi) strategies?
To reduce the aggregation of α-syn
What is the role of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in reducing aggregation?
To impede the multimerization of α-syn
What is the potential benefit of blocking α-syn entry through receptor blocking?
To directly target the spread of α-syn
What is the potential of immunotherapy in relation to α-syn?
To neutralize α-syn and/or α-syn aggregates extracellularly and perhaps even intracellularly
What is the goal of boosting autophagic/lysosomal clearance?
To clear α-syn and other aggregating proteins that disrupt cellular homeostasis
What has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD?
Mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal protein clearance
What is the role of PINK1 and parkin in PD?
Regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis
What is the effect of MPTP on DA neurons?
It leads to complex-I inhibition
What is the function of the ubiquitin-proteasome system?
Breaking down abnormal proteins
What is the result of α-synuclein accumulation in mitochondria?
Damage to complex-I activity
What is the role of autophagy-lysosome pathway in protein clearance?
Breaking down abnormal proteins
What is the effect of rotenone on DA neurons?
It leads to complex-I inhibition
What is the result of defects in mitochondrial complex-I?
Energy depletion and DA cell death
What is the association between pesticide exposure and PD?
Pesticide exposure increases PD risk
What is the central role of α-synuclein in PD pathogenesis?
Aggregation and contributing to protein clearance dysfunction
What is the primary mechanism of action of levodopa in the brain?
It is converted to dopamine in striatal neurons
What is the effect of carbidopa on levodopa?
It inhibits the peripheral decarboxylation of levodopa
What is the primary mechanism of action of COMT inhibitors?
They prevent levodopa being broken down by the enzyme COMT
What is the effect of selegiline on dopamine levels?
It increases dopamine levels in the striatum
What is the primary mechanism of action of amantadine?
It increases the release of dopamine from striatal neurons
What is the primary indication for adjutant therapy in PD?
Dyskinesia or motor fluctuations
What is the primary mechanism of action of dopamine agonists?
They act as a substitute for dopamine in the brain
What is the primary indication for deep brain stimulation in PD?
Dyskinesia or motor fluctuations
What is the primary side effect of COMT inhibitors?
Feeling or being sick
What is the primary mechanism of action of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors?
They block the effects of the enzyme that breaks down dopamine
This quiz covers the effects of Parkinson's disease on the brain and nervous system, including the impact on memory, motor, and sensory functions. Learn about the differences between ageing and neurodegenerative diseases. Test your knowledge of the progressive degeneration of nerve cells and the structure and function of the central nervous system.
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