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Questions and Answers
What is a key reason for using the parenteral route for drug administration?
What is a key reason for using the parenteral route for drug administration?
Which of the following is NOT a necessity for parenteral preparation?
Which of the following is NOT a necessity for parenteral preparation?
In which parenteral route is the injection administered directly into the muscle?
In which parenteral route is the injection administered directly into the muscle?
Which of the following statements about intravenous (IV) injections is correct?
Which of the following statements about intravenous (IV) injections is correct?
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What is the maximum volume typically administered via subcutaneous injection?
What is the maximum volume typically administered via subcutaneous injection?
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What defines the critical quality of a parenteral preparation’s solvent or vehicle?
What defines the critical quality of a parenteral preparation’s solvent or vehicle?
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Which method of parenteral administration is primarily used for diagnoses?
Which method of parenteral administration is primarily used for diagnoses?
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What is a correct statement regarding the formulation of intramuscular injections?
What is a correct statement regarding the formulation of intramuscular injections?
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Which site is NOT typically used for oil vehicle administration?
Which site is NOT typically used for oil vehicle administration?
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What is the primary purpose of intra-arterial administration?
What is the primary purpose of intra-arterial administration?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of intrathecal administration?
Which of the following is a characteristic of intrathecal administration?
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What type of solution is preferred for intradermal injections?
What type of solution is preferred for intradermal injections?
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What volume is typically associated with large volume parenterals (LVP)?
What volume is typically associated with large volume parenterals (LVP)?
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Which type of packaging is NOT classified under parenteral preparations?
Which type of packaging is NOT classified under parenteral preparations?
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Which characteristic is NOT true about Water for Injection (WFI)?
Which characteristic is NOT true about Water for Injection (WFI)?
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What is a common use for corticosteroids in parenteral preparations?
What is a common use for corticosteroids in parenteral preparations?
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What is a characteristic of Sterile Water for Injection (SWFI)?
What is a characteristic of Sterile Water for Injection (SWFI)?
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Why is Bacteriostatic Water for Injection (BWFI) not recommended for more than 5ml of parenteral preparation?
Why is Bacteriostatic Water for Injection (BWFI) not recommended for more than 5ml of parenteral preparation?
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Which of the following is used to adjust osmolarity in parenteral preparations?
Which of the following is used to adjust osmolarity in parenteral preparations?
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Which of the following accurately defines Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)?
Which of the following accurately defines Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)?
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What is the primary purpose of preservatives in multidose containers?
What is the primary purpose of preservatives in multidose containers?
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What distinguishes Sodium Chloride Injection (USP) from other types of injection water?
What distinguishes Sodium Chloride Injection (USP) from other types of injection water?
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What is the pH range of Bacteriostatic Water for Injection (BWFI)?
What is the pH range of Bacteriostatic Water for Injection (BWFI)?
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What can be a potential hazard of large volume parenterals (LVP) containing preservatives?
What can be a potential hazard of large volume parenterals (LVP) containing preservatives?
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Study Notes
Parenteral Preparation
- Parenteral preparations are medications administered outside the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., via injection).
- Injections are sterile and pyrogen-free.
Why Parenteral Route?
- Rapid action is a key advantage
- Oral routes are not suitable in some cases (e.g., patients unconscious or vomiting).
- Effective for drugs inactivated in the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., biotechnologies).
- Maintaining potency and specificity for new drugs in the parenteral route is needed.
Advantages of Parenteral Administration
- Quick onset of action.
- Suitable for drugs not given orally.
- Useful for unconscious or vomiting patients.
- Prolonged action duration by modifying formulation
- Suitable for nutrients like glucose and electrolytes.
- Suitable for drugs inactivated in the gastrointestinal tract or by stomach acid.
- Bypasses the first-pass effect.
Necessities of Parenteral Preparation
- Sterility: Must meet strict standards.
- Free from pyrogens: Must be pyrogen-free.
- Free from particulate matter: Must be free of solid particles.
- Clarity: Must be clear solution.
- Stability: Must be chemically and physiologically stable.
- Isotonicity: Should ideally match the body’s fluids for safety (not always required).
- Special purity standards for solvents/vehicles.
- Restrictions on buffers, stabilizers, and preservatives.
- No coloring agents.
- Aseptic conditions for preparation.
- High-quality packaging.
Routes of Parenteral Administration
- Intradermal: Used for diagnostic purposes/testing, 0.05 ml.
- Subcutaneous (SC, SQ, Sub Q): Under the skin, up to 2 ml, isotonic (e.g., vaccines, insulin, scopolamine, epinephrine).
- Intramuscular (IM): Into muscle tissue, 0.5 to 4 ml, for delayed or prolonged effects (e.g., suspensions, oil vehicles), gluteal, deltoid, vastus lateralis.
- Intravenous (IV): Directly into a vein, 1 to 1000 ml, rapid effect, requires trained personnel (e.g., aqueous solutions, hydro-alcoholic solutions, emulsions, liposomes).
- Intra-arterial (IA): Into artery, 2 to 20 ml, localized effect (e.g., radio-opaque media, antineoplastic drugs).
- Intrathecal: Directly into spinal cord, 1 to 4 ml, isotonic, used for local anesthetics, analgesics, neuroleptics.
- Intraarticular: Inside the joints, used for corticosteroids and local anesthetics.
- Intrapleural: Into the pleural cavity.
- Intracardial: Into the heart.
Types of Parenteral Preparations
- Type of packaging:
- Single-dose units (ampoules, pre-filled syringes)
- Infusion solutions
- Multiple-dose units (vials)
- Volume:
- Small volume parenterals (SMP) < 100 ml
- Large volume parenterals (LVP) ≥ 100 ml
Formulation of Parenteral Preparations
- Aqueous solvents commonly used include:
- Water for Injection (WFI)
- Sterile Water for Injection (SWFI)
- Bacteriostatic Water for Injection (BWFI)
- Sodium chloride injection (USP)
- Preservatives are often required for multi-dose containers.
- Large volume parenterals (LVPs) typically do not contain preservatives.
- Osmolarity (tonicity) adjustment commonly uses NaCl, glucose, or mannitol.
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN)
- Complete nutrition formulated for intravenous administration, used when oral intake is impossible.
- Contains protein, glucose, fat, vitamins, and minerals.
- Available in ready-to-use kits.
- Supplements ordinary or tube feedings.
Nutritional Requirements
- Amino acids
- Glucose
- Lipids
- Minerals
- Vitamins
- Water and electrolytes
- Trace elements
Why TPN Is Necessary
- Severe undernutrition requiring surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy.
- Chronic diarrhea and vomiting.
- Immature gastrointestinal tract.
- Paralyzed gastrointestinal tract (e.g., after major surgery).
Packaging of Parenteral Preparations
- Single dose containers: Glass ampoules (1-50 ml).
- Multiple dose containers: Hermetic containers allowing repeated use without affecting contents.
Parenteral Examples
- Specific examples of parenteral medications were given in the document. These will vary per medication; the data and actions vary per product and should not be generalized.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamentals of parenteral preparations, highlighting their significance in medication administration outside the gastrointestinal tract. You'll learn about the advantages, necessities, and specific applications of injections, particularly in situations where oral routes are not feasible.
