Parathyroid Disorders and Calcium Metabolism

<p>Bilateral neck exploration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperactivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce the need for medications (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bisphosphonates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular weight-bearing exercises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of osteosarcoma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subtotal removal of 3 ½ glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary hyperparathyroidism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-2.5 SD below average (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trousseau sign (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bisphosphonates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone loss, especially in axial bones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated parathyroid hormone levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhances the action of parathyroid hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8.5-10.5 mg/Dl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rickets or osteomalacia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>600 IU (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative calcium balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1200-1300 mg per day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15-30 mins a day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moderate exercises against gravity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limit alcohol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bisphosphonates are a common treatment for osteoporosis. They work by reducing the activity of osteoclasts, the cells that break down bone. This helps prevent further bone loss.

Osteoporosis is a condition that weakens bones and makes them more likely to fracture. It can occur when the body doesn't make enough new bone, or when too much old bone is broken down.

Weight-bearing exercises, like walking, running, or weightlifting, are essential for bone health. They put stress on your bones, which helps them grow stronger.

Calcium is a crucial building block for strong bones. It's like the cement that holds everything together.

Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium from food. Think of it as the delivery driver for calcium.

A condition marked by high calcium levels in the blood. It's often asymptomatic, but can cause complications like bone problems, kidney stones, and heart issues. It is most commonly caused by an overactive parathyroid gland.

A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium levels in the blood. It increases calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown, increasing calcium absorption in the gut, and reabsorbing calcium in the kidneys.

A condition with high calcium levels and low phosphorus levels due to an overactive parathyroid gland.

The process of maintaining calcium levels within a narrow range in the blood. It involves the interaction of PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin.

A condition where calcium levels are elevated. This can have various causes, including overactive parathyroid glands, certain medications, and cancers.

A condition characterized by a decrease in bone mineral density, leading to increased risk of fractures with minimal trauma.

Increased levels of parathyroid hormone in the blood leading to excessive calcium release from bones and elevated calcium levels in the blood.

Decreased levels of parathyroid hormone in the blood resulting in insufficient calcium release from bones and lower calcium levels in the blood.

A condition caused by chronic renal disease, vitamin D deficiency, or malabsorption, leading to hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism.

A condition characterized by symptoms of hypocalcemia including numbness and tingling due to low calcium levels in the blood.

A diagnostic test that measures bone mineral density (BMD) and helps assess the risk of osteoporosis.

The normal range for calcium in the blood is between 8.5 and 10.5 mg/dL.

Calcium is distributed in two main compartments: bone (99%) and blood (1%). Within the blood, it's further divided: 10% is complexed, 40% is bound, and 50% is non-bound (free).

The National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends a daily calcium intake of 1200-1300 mg for adults to maintain bone health.

Vitamin D, also known as the sunshine vitamin, plays a crucial role in bone health by aiding in the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the gut, ensuring their availability for bone mineralization. Deficiency can lead to rickets (children) or osteomalacia (adults), which are characterized by weak or soft bones.

The National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends a daily intake of 600 IU (15 mcg) of vitamin D for adults to maintain optimal bone health.

During pregnancy, the mother's body needs sufficient vitamin D to maintain proper calcium and phosphorus levels, which are crucial for the baby's bone and teeth development. A deficiency can lead to abnormal bone growth, fractures, or rickets in the newborn.

A pregnant woman requires 600 IU (15 mcg) of vitamin D daily to support her own health and the baby's bone development.

Maintaining a healthy weight, engaging in moderate exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are essential for overall health and bone health.