Parasitology Quiz: Trichomonas and Leishmaniasis

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Questions and Answers

What is the size range of the Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite?

15-25 by 5-12 μm (correct)

5-12 μm

20-30 μm

10-15 μm

Which stage of Trichomonas vaginalis reproduces by longitudinal binary fission?

Cyst stage

Sporozoite stage

Trophozoite stage (correct)

Mature stage

Which of the following is NOT a common transmission route for Trichomonas vaginalis?

Sexual intercourse

Sharing of washcloths

Communal bathing

Airborne transmission (correct)

What symptom is associated with Trichomoniasis?

Cervical erosion Signup and view all the answers

How many flagella are found on the anterior side of a Trichomonas vaginalis trophozoite?

Four Signup and view all the answers

What preventative measure can help control Trichomonas vaginalis infection?

Personal hygiene and sanitation Signup and view all the answers

What is the geographic distribution of Trichomonas tenax?

World wide with high incidence in warm climates Signup and view all the answers

How does the motility of the Trichomonas tenax trophozoite differ from Trichomonas vaginalis?

Active jerky motility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary habitat of amastigotes?

In the reticulo-endothelial cells of visceral organs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species causes visceral leishmaniasis?

Leishmania donovani Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic symptom of visceral leishmaniasis?

Diarrhoea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Which species of Trypanosoma is responsible for causing chronic Trypanosomiasis?

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is Glossina in the life cycle of Trypanosoma?

Intermediate host Signup and view all the answers

How do Trypanosoma reproduce?

Binary fission Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of visceral leishmaniasis?

Rashes on the skin Signup and view all the answers

In which region is Leishmania aethiopica predominantly found?

Highlands of Ethiopia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of visceral leishmaniasis?

Inoculation by infected sandfly Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cutaneous leishmaniasis is true?

The lesions are dry and painless ulcers. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates Leishmania tropica major from Leishmania tropica minor?

Leishmania tropica major has a wider rural distribution. Signup and view all the answers

What type of ulcer is typically associated with Leishmania tropica minor?

Painless, dry ulcer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mode of transmission for leishmaniasis?

Transmission via contaminated water Signup and view all the answers

What is a common prevention strategy against leishmaniasis?

Avoiding insect bites Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of leishmania aethiopica?

Associated with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'reservoir host' refer to in the life cycle of leishmania species?

Animals that can harbor the parasites and transmit them to humans Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical feature associated with Giardia lamblia infection?

Weight loss and poor appetite Signup and view all the answers

Which morphological feature is characteristic of Trichomonas hominis?

Semi-rigid axostyle Signup and view all the answers

What type of transmission is required for the life cycle of Trichomonas hominis?

Direct host-to-host transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a clinical symptom of Giardia lamblia infection?

Common cold symptoms Signup and view all the answers

How does Trichomonas vaginalis differ in its typical habitat compared to Trichomonas hominis?

Trichomonas vaginalis is found in the genital tract Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the stool in Gibbs lamblia infection?

Bulkiness and mucoid texture Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical size range of the trophozoite stage of Trichomonas hominis?

10-15 μm Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory finding is associated with Giardia lamblia diagnosis?

Finding trophozoite and cyst stages in stool Signup and view all the answers

What is Endodyogony?

Repeated division into two by internal budding Signup and view all the answers

Which transmission mode is NOT associated with Toxoplasma gondii?

Direct inhalation of oocysts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common major symptom of toxoplasmosis?

Splenomegaly Signup and view all the answers

Which preventive measure is most effective against Toxoplasma gondii infection?

Screening blood and organs for parasites Signup and view all the answers

Which species of Plasmodium is associated with more temperate regions?

P.vivax Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of malaria?

Protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following modes of transmission of malaria is correct?

Female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria by sporozoites Signup and view all the answers

In how many countries is malaria endemic?

85 Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the mature trophozoite of Plasmodium falciparum?

Rare in peripheral blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the young trophozoite of Plasmodium vivax?

Cytoplasm: circle, thicker Signup and view all the answers

What is the common characteristic of the schizont stage in Plasmodium liver stages?

RBC unaltered Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is accurate regarding the mature trophozoite of Plasmodium malariae?

Chromatin: one large red dot Signup and view all the answers

What feature is distinctive to the young trophozoite of Plasmodium ovale?

Resembles Plasmodium malariae Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the mature trophozoite stage of Plasmodium vivax?

RBC unaltered Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the young trophozoite of Plasmodium falciparum from others?

Double chromatin dot Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is relevant to the schizont stage of Plasmodium vivax?

RBC much enlarged Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Principle of Parasitology - BIOL3061

Course name: Principle of Parasitology
Course code: BIOL3061
Instructor: Saron Efekadu

Chapter One - Concepts of Parasitology

Parasitism is a form of symbiosis where one organism (parasite) benefits at the expense of another (host).
Symbiosis can occur between plants, animals, or protists
Commensalism is a one-way beneficial relationship, no harm to the host
Mutualism involves a two-way beneficial relationship
Parasites rely on their hosts for part or all of their life cycle and metabolic requirements
Parasites are smaller than their hosts
Parasites outnumber their hosts
Parasites have shorter lifespans compared to their hosts
Parasites often have a higher reproductive potential than their hosts
Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them

Classifications of Parasites

Habitat
- Ectoparasites live on the body surface of the host
  - Lice, ticks, fleas
- Endoparasites live within the body of the host
  - Leishmania, Ascaris, Plasmodium
Dependence on the host
- Obligate parasites: parasites that require their host to survive; cannot live outside their host
  - Plasmodium species, Trichomonas vaginalis
- Facultative parasites: parasites that can live independently but also have parasitic life stages
  - Strongyloids stercolaris, Naegleria fowleri
- Accidental parasites: parasites that parasitize an animal other than their normal host
  - Ascaris of dogs or cats accidentally infecting humans
Pathogenicity
- Pathogenic parasites cause disease
  - Entamoeba histolytica
- Non-pathogenic parasites do not cause disease; commensal parasites
  - Entamoeba coli
- Opportunistic parasites cause mild disease in healthy hosts but severe disease in immuno-compromised hosts
  - Pneumocystis carnii, Toxoplasma gondii

Terminologies in Parasitology

Infective stage: The stage of the parasite when it can enter and continue to develop within the host.
Infection: Invasion of the body by a pathogenic organism (excluding arthropods) and the response of the host's tissue to the parasite.
Infestation: Establishment of arthropods on or within a host.
Zoonosis: Disease of animals that are transmittable to humans.
Biological Incubation (Prepatent) Period: Time between initial infection and the detection of the parasite.
Clinical Incubation Period: Time between exposure and the first signs of disease.
Autoinfection (Hyperinfection): Reinfection by the same parasite in the same host.
Retroinfection: Newly hatched larvae migrate from the perianal region to the colon.

The Hosts

Host: An organism that harbors the parasite
Definitive host: The host where the parasite reaches sexual maturity.
Intermediate host: A host where the parasite reproduces asexually.
Reservoir host: An animal that carries the parasite, becoming a source of infection to humans.
Vector: Arthropods that transmit parasites from one host to another.
Biological vector: Essential to the life cycle of the parasite. Often an intermediate host.
Mechanical vector: Not essential to the life cycle of the parasite; transfers the parasite mechanically.

Host-Parasite Relationship

Transmission: Movement of parasites from one host to another.
Distribution and localization: Establishing distribution of the parasite within the body.
Growth and multiplication: Increase in the numbers of parasites.
Resistance of host to the parasite and parasite adaptation to the host: Interaction between parasite and host.

Adaptations of Parasites

Morphological adaptations (e.g. size, shape, special organs for attachment and nutrients absorption) enable the parasite to survive within the host.
Life cycle adaptations (e.g. alternation of hosts, host behavior modifications) enable the parasite to spread between hosts
Examples presented include diphyllobothrium, loss of organs (CNS), high reproductive capacity of parasites.

Morphology

Some morphological adaptations describe size, shape, loss of locomotion, and parasitic organs.

Life cycle adaptations

Adaptations in development with alternation of hosts (increasing range, temporary host scarcity, intermediate host directly to definitive host)
Host behavior modifications (e.g., crawling out from the anus to spread eggs)
Life cycle synchronisation to host.

Effects of Parasites on their Hosts

Consumption of nutritive elements
Obstruction of passages
Bleeding
Destruction of tissues
Compression of organs
Opening pathways to secondary infections
Allergy development
Transmission of pathogens to humans
Predisposition to malignancy (can develop to cancer)
Chronic immune stimulation leading to unresponsiveness to infections

Host Susceptibility Factors

Parasite factors (strain, load, site, metabolic processes leading to waste products/toxins
Host factors (genetic constitution, age, sex, immunity level, nutrition, co-existing diseases, lifestyle, and occupation
Host response

Sources of Parasitic Infections

Contaminated soil
Contaminated water
Insufficiently cooked meat of pork and beef
Blood-sucking arthropods
Animals
Human beings (clothing, bedding, environment, through sexual intercourse, autoinfection)

Mode of Transmission

Direct transmission (does not require biological vectors or an intermediate host)
- Horizontal (feco-oral route; sexual intercourse, blood transfusion,,Direct skin penetration)
- Vertical (congenital, transplacental, transmammary).
Indirect transmission (requires vectors or an intermediate host)

Routes of Transmission

Ingestion of infective parasites or stages
Skin penetration from contaminated areas
Through insect bites
Sexual contact
Inhalation of contaminated air
Transplacental
Kissing

Taxonomy of Parasites

Classification of parasites based on biological characteristics.
Major taxonomic groups belong to kingdoms Protista (Protozoa) and Animalia (Metazoa).
Different types of parasite classifications are seen.
Amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, coccidians, sporozoans, and microspores.

Major Differences between Parasites

Protozoa vs metazoa

Kingdom: Protista (Protozoa)

Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms.
Classified into several phyla, including Apicomplexa, Amoebozoa, Euglenozoa, and Metamonada.
Examples: Plasmodium (malaria), Entamoeba histolytica (amebiasis), Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness), Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium.

Phylum Amoebozoa

Move and feed using pseudopodia.
Examples: Entamoeba histolytica (intestinal disease), Acanthamoeba (eye and brain infections), Naegleria fowleri (primary amoebic meningoencephalitis).

Phylum Apicomplexa

Intracellular parasites with apical complex for host-cell invasion.
Examples: Plasmodium (malaria), Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis), Cryptosporidium (diarrheal disease).
Stages described for these organisms are included in detail.

Phylum Euglenozoa

Flagellated protozoans
Examples: Trypanosoma (sleeping sickness, Chagas disease), Leishmania (leishmaniasis).

Phylum Metamonada

Often inhabit the digestive tracts of animals.
Some are flagellated

Kingdom: Animalia (Metazoa)

Multicellular parasites.
Example: helminths (flatworms and roundworms), ectoparasites (ticks, fleas, lice).
They are further categorized.

Chapter Two - Medical Protozoology

Introduction to protozoa:
Fossil record shows protozoa were present during the Precambrian era ( 4 billion- 541 million years)
Protozoan diversity and their world-wide distribution:
Protozoa in different human body locations
Brief description introduced for different human body locations and types of parasites in them

Phylum Amoebozoa - Detail on Amoebas

Amoebas are different based on their location ( in human body).
Intestinal tract.
Oral cavity.
Eyes (Acanthamoeba keratitis)
Nervous system (Naegleria fowleri)

Species Detail: Entamoeba histolytica

Structure, life cycle, and pathogenicity.
Transmission modes, prevention, and control.
Importance of hygiene and sanitation.
Diagnostic methods
Treatment methods
Distribution/Prevalence

Species Detail: Entamoeba gingivalis

Structure, habitat, and pathogenicity
Transmission

Free-living pathogenic amoebas

Important genera and their associated diseases.

Phylum Metamonada (Detail)

Dientamoeba fragilis characteristics
Life cycle
Diagnosis
General features
Diagnosis descriptions
Distribution descriptions

Species Detail: Giardia lamblia

Description of morphology (trophozoites
Cyst)
Life cycle
Major Symptoms
Methods of transmission
Importance of treatment and prevention.

Species Detail: Trichomonas tenax

Description of morphology (trophozoites).
Pathogenicity
Transmission
Importance of diagnosis method and prevention /control methods.

Species Detail: Trichomonas vaginalis

Description of morphology (trophozoites).
Life cycle and transmission.
Distribution and habitat.
Symptoms.
Importance of prevention to avoid the infection.

Phylum Euglenozoa (Detail)

•Blood and tissue flagellates general life cycle

Species characteristics (Trypanosoma/ Leishmania)
Habitat
Life cycle descriptions
Pathology
Method of diagnosis
Prevention and control

Leishmania Species

Geographical Distribution
Species habitats (amastigotes and promastigotes)
Leishmania tropica minor and major
Leishmania aethiopica
Diagnosis
Prevention and Control (for different species of Leishmania).
Pathology descriptions

Trypanosoma Species

Geographical Distribution
General species habitats (trypomastigotes, epimastigotes, metacyclics).
T. gambiense and rhodesiense characteristics
Morphology (trypomastigote forms)
Pathology descriptions (e.g., sleeping sickness)
Life cycle
Diagnosis methods
Control measures

Trypanosoma cruzi

Species characteristics
Morphology (trypomastigote forms)
Life cycle and transmission
Pathology characteristics.
Prevention and control
Diagnostic measures

Class Ciliata

Balantidium coli
Characteristics (morphology, life cycle, habitat, and distribution)
Pathogenicity
Methods of prevention and control
Diagnostic measures

Plasmodium Species (Malaria)

General features and general characteristics
Morphology (young and mature trophozoites, schizont)
Life cycle and transmission modes
Major Symptoms
Laboratory diagnosis
Factors for malarial infection
Prevention and control

Babesia

Details on the parasite
Diagnosis Methods
Geographical distributions
General characteristics

General Summary

Classification of Protozoa (using a table)
Classification of Metazoa (using a table)
List of medically important protozoa and some common parasites.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the characteristics, transmission, and symptoms of Trichomonas vaginalis and visceral leishmaniasis. This quiz covers various aspects including reproductive methods, geographic distribution, and preventative measures related to these parasites.