Parasitology Quiz: Intestinal Flukes and Liver Flukes
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Questions and Answers

What is the common name of the Fasciolopsis buski?

  • Lung Fluke
  • Liver Fluke
  • Intestinal Fluke (correct)
  • Pancreatic Fluke
  • Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Heterophyes heterophyes?

  • Presence of two suckers
  • Presence of a genital sucker (correct)
  • Presence of an acetabulum
  • All of the above
  • What is the common habitat of Echinostoma ilocanum?

  • Pancreas
  • Lungs
  • Biliary passages of the liver
  • Intestine (correct)
  • What is the name of the pancreatic fluke?

    <p>Eurytrema pancreaticum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name of the Paragonimus westermani?

    <p>Lung Fluke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of trematodes?

    <p>Round body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Fasciola spp. typically transmitted to humans?

    <p>Through ingestion of undercooked or raw aquatic plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the smallest trematode?

    <p>Heterophyes heterophyes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definitive host of Paragonimus westermani?

    <p>Humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Paragonimus westermani eggs?

    <p>Abopercular thickening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the habitat of Schistosoma spp.?

    <p>Mesenteric veins or blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Paragonimus westermani?

    <p>Ingestion of undercooked crabs with metacercaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani?

    <p>Crabs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnosis of Paragonimus westermani infection?

    <p>Microscopy of stool or sputum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Schistosoma japonicum eggs?

    <p>Oval with recurved hook or knob</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the habitat of Schistosoma japonicum?

    <p>Superior mesenteric vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the habitat of Fasciolopsis buski?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for Echinostoma ilocanum?

    <p>Ingestion of metacercariae encysted in snails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the adult worm of Heterophyes heterophyes?

    <p>Gonotyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intermediate host of Eurytrema pancreaticum?

    <p>Macrochlamys indica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the habitat of Paragonimus westermani?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the eggs of Fasciolopsis buski?

    <p>Large and operculated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by Echinostoma ilocanum?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission for Heterophyes heterophyes?

    <p>Ingestion of metacercariae encysted in fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Intestinal Flukes

    • Fasciolopsis buski:
      • Also known as the Giant Intestinal Fluke
      • 1st Intermediate Host (IH): Segmentiina
      • 2nd IH: Water plants
      • Mode of Transmission (MoT): Ingestion of encysted metacercaria from aquatic plants
      • Adult worms:
        • No cephalic cone
        • Intestinal ceca is simple and unbranched
        • Dendritic testes arranged in tandem
        • Branched ovary lies to the right of the midline
      • Eggs:
        • Large and operculated
        • Indistinguishable from Fasciola
      • Disease:
        • Parasite attached to the small intestine (Pathology due to adult)
        • Traumatic, obstructive, toxic, and marked eosinophilia and malabsorption of vitamins
      • Diagnosis:
        • Direct Fecal Smear (DFS), Kato Katz
        • Clinical impression
    • Echinostoma ilocanum:
      • Also known as Garrison's fluke
      • First Intermediate Host (IH): Gyraulus convexiusculus
      • 2nd IH: Pila luzonica and Vivipara angularis
      • Mode of Transmission (MoT): Ingestion of metacercariae encysted in snails
      • Adult worms:
        • Circumoral disk (spines surrounding the oral sucker)
        • Testes deeply bilobed in tandem
        • Intestinal ceca simple and unbranched
      • Eggs:
        • Straw-colored or light brown, operculated
        • Less prominent operculum (dot-like appearance)
      • Disease:
        • Inflammation at the site of attachment
        • Diarrhea (in heavy infections)
        • Intoxication due to release of metabolites
    • Heterophyes heterophyes:
      • Wide range of Intermediate Hosts (FISH)
      • Mode of Transmission (MoT): Ingestion of encysted metacercariae in fish
      • Habitat: Small intestine
      • Adult worm:
        • Gonotyl – characteristic for Heterophyes
      • Eggs:
        • Light brown color, ovoid, operculated
        • Embryonated
      • Disease:
        • Local inflammation at the site of attachment
      • Diagnosis:
        • Demonstration of egg from stool
        • Adults may be seen during autopsy

    Pancreatic Flukes

    • Eurytrema pancreaticum:
      • Also known as the Pancreatic Fluke
      • Humans act as accidental host
      • 1st Intermediate Host (IH): Macrochlamys indica
      • 2nd IH: Technomyrmex deterquens
      • Mode of Transmission (MoT): Ingestion of ant or grasshopper

    Lung Flukes

    • Paragonimus westermani:
      • Also known as the Oriental Lung Fluke
      • Found in the sputum or feces and embryonate in water
      • 1st Intermediate Host (IH): Antemelania asperata
      • 2nd IH: Sundathelphusa philippina (freshwater/mountain crab)
      • Mode of Transmission (MoT): Ingestion of undercooked crabs with metacercaria
      • Reservoir Hosts: Dogs, Cats, Rodents
      • Paratenic Hosts: Boars and Pigs
      • Adult:
        • Reddish-brown, coffee bean-shaped
        • Presence of spines on tegument
        • Testes: Lobed, usually two, arranged in opposites
        • Ovary: Anterior to testes and posterior to ventral sucker
      • Eggs:
        • Opercular shoulder
        • Abopercular thickening (characteristic of Paragonimus)
      • Disease:
        • Lung fluke disease
        • Heavy infections would have dry cough, blood-stained or rust-colored sputum (fishy odor)
        • Mimics signs of TB
        • Pathology: Adult worms provoke a granulomatous reaction
      • Diagnosis:
        • Microscopy: Detection of eggs in stool or sputum

    Blood Flukes

    • Schistosoma spp.:
      • MoT: Skin penetration
      • Infective Stage (IS): Fork-tailed cercaria
      • Intermediate Host (IH): Snails
      • Habitat: Mesenteric veins or blood
      • Worms ingest RBCs and possess hemoglobinase breaking down globulin and hemoglobin
      • Main pathology is caused by the egg
      • Types of Schistosoma:
        • S. japonicum: Oriental blood fluke
        • S. mansoni: Manson's blood fluke
        • S. haematobium: Vesical blood fluke

    Generalities

    • All trematodes appear flat and leaf-like, except schistosomes
    • All possess two suckers, except Heterophyes heterophyes
    • Eggs (diagnostic): Operculated except Schistosoma (non-operculated)
    • Mode of Transmission (MoT): Ingestion (except Schistosoma)
    • Mature Eggs: COSH
    • Smallest Trematode: Heterophyes heterophyes
    • Biggest Trematode: Fasciolopsis buski
    • Life Cycle: Egg → Miracidium → Sporocyst → Redia → Cercaria → Metacercaria → Adult Worm

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of intestinal flukes and liver flukes, including their habitats, intermediate hosts, and definitive hosts. Learn about Fasciolopsis buski, Echinostoma ilocanum, and more.

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