Parasitology Quiz: Clonorchis Sinensis
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Questions and Answers

What is the typical size range of an adult Paragonimus westermani?

  • 1-5 mm long by 0.5-1 mm wide
  • 10-25 mm long by 3-5 mm wide
  • 7-12 mm by 4-6 mm by 3.5-5 mm (correct)
  • 80-120 um by 45-70 um
  • What is the primary mode of transmission of Paragonimus westermani?

  • Contaminated water or food
  • Direct contact with infected individuals
  • Ingesting raw or cooked crabs harboring metacercariae (correct)
  • Airborne transmission
  • Which diagnostic technique is highly sensitive for Paragonimus westermani diagnosis?

  • PCR
  • ELISA
  • Sputum concentration with 3% sodium hydroxide (correct)
  • Immunoblot
  • What is the drug of choice for treating Paragonimus westermani infections?

    <p>Praziquantel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the egg of Paragonimus westermani?

    <p>Ovoid in shape, yellowish brown in color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani?

    <p>Antemelania asperata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary imaging technique used for diagnosing pulmonary paragonimiasis?

    <p>Radiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of parasite is associated with cerebral paragonimiasis?

    <p>Paragonimus westermani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the embryonated eggs of Schistosoma japonicum?

    <p>Ovoid, round or pear-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of the Kato-Katz technique in diagnosing Schistosomiasis?

    <p>It is suitable for quantification of eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary Snail host of Schistosoma japonicum?

    <p>Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drug of choice for treating Schistosomiasis?

    <p>Praziquantel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the male Schistosoma japonicum?

    <p>Gynecophoric canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Merthiolate-Iodine-Formalin Concentration Technique (MIFC) in diagnosing Schistosomiasis?

    <p>Detection of moderate and heavy infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of the Rectal Snips and Imprints technique in diagnosing Schistosomiasis?

    <p>Inability to distinguish between untreated and treated infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Schistosomiasis?

    <p>Contact with contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of the female Schistosoma japonicum?

    <p>Single pyramidal ovary located in the midline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Circumoval Precipitin Test (COPT) in diagnosing Schistosomiasis?

    <p>Demonstration of precipitates on the surface of schistosome eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical length of Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>4-8 um</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary diagnostic method for toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Antibody detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of testing for IgM antibodies in toxoplasmosis?

    <p>To determine the time of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drug of choice for treating toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Pyrimenthamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Fasciola spp?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of the life cycle of Fasciola spp. that is excreted by the infected definitive host?

    <p>Unembryonated eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the anterior end of Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>Tapered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) in diagnosing toxoplasmosis?

    <p>To detect IgM antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Paragonimus westermani (Paragonimiasis)

    • Adult worms: flattened, lance-shaped, 10-25 mm long, 3-5 mm wide, with oral and ventral suckers (acetabulum) that are relatively small
    • Diagnosis: cholangiography reveals fluke within the mucosa of the bile duct; immunodiagnosis using ELISA, PCR, and EIA
    • Drug of choice: Praziquantel, Albendazole, or Praziquantel-Albendazole
    • Cyst and Trophozoite: not mentioned
    • Prevention and Control: not mentioned

    Life Cycle

    • Mode of Transmission: ingesting raw or cooked crabs harboring metacercariae
    • Infective Stage: metacercariae
    • Intermediate Hosts:
      • First: Antemelania asperata, Antemelania dactylus
      • Second: Sundathelphusa philippina
    • Diagnosis:
      • Egg: ovoid, yellowish-brown, 80-120 um by 45-70 um, with prominent operculum and thickened abopercular end
      • Best sensitivity for microscopy diagnosis: sputum concentration with 3% sodium hydroxide with repeated sputum examination up to 3 times on different days

    Adult Worm

    • Reddish-brown in color, resembling a coffee bean
    • 7-12 mm long, 4-6 mm wide, 3.5-5 mm thick, with a round anterior and tapering posteriorly

    Immunodiagnosis

    • Complement Fixation (CF) Test: high sensitivity for diagnosis and assessment of cure post-therapy
    • EIA
    • Immunoblot

    Imaging

    • Radiography: for diagnosis of pulmonary paragonimiasis, showing lung parenchyma lesions that are infiltrative, nodular, or cavitating
    • CT Scan
    • MRI: for cerebral paragonimiasis, showing conglomerated, multiple, ring-enhancing lesions with surrounding edema on the brain, with a "grape-cluster" appearance

    Schistosoma spp. (Toxoplasmosis)

    • Species: Schistosoma spp.
    • Disease: Toxoplasmosis
    • Life Cycle: not mentioned
    • Mode of Transmission: not mentioned
    • Diagnostic Stage & Infective Stage: not mentioned
    • Guidelines: not mentioned
    • Diagnosis:
      • Antibody detection: primary diagnostic method to determine toxoplasmosis
      • Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA)
      • Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA)
      • IgG antibody: indicates infection at some time
      • IgM antibody: determines time of infection
    • Drug of Choice: Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine

    Fasciola spp. (Fascioliasis)

    • Species: Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica
    • Disease: Fascioliasis
    • Life Cycle: not mentioned
    • Mode of Transmission: unembryonated eggs excreted by infected definitive host, eggs hatch in water, and cercariae penetrate the skin of the definitive host
    • Diagnostic Stage & Infective Stage: not mentioned
    • Guidelines: Snail control, focal approach, area-wide control, and control of breeding
    • Diagnosis:
      • Eggs: large, rounded, pale yellow, 70-100 um long, 55-64 um wide
      • Adult: large sucker capping the anterior end, ventral sucker, and gonophore
      • Male: shorter, 12-20 mm long, with gynecophoric canal
      • Female: longer, 15-26 mm long, with single pyramidal ovary located in the midline
    • Stool Examination:
      • Kato-Katz Technique: suitable for quantification of eggs
      • Merthiolate-Iodine-Formalin Concentration Technique (MIFC): sufficient sensitivity for moderate and heavy infections
    • Rectal Snips & Imprints: require specialized equipment and personnel
    • Immunodiagnostic Tests:
      • Intradermal Test: highly sensitive but non-specific
      • Indirect Hemagglutination: highly sensitive
      • Circumoval Precipitin Test (COPT): demonstration of the formation of bleb-like or septate precipitates attached to the egg surface
      • ELISA: using soluble antigens on adult worms and eggs
    • Drug of Choice: Praziquantel, with mass chemotherapy in areas of prevalence

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    Description

    This quiz is about the characteristics and diagnosis of Clonorchis sinensis, a parasitic flatworm. It covers the physical description of the adult fluke and diagnostic methods such as cholangiography and immunodiagnosis.

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