Schistosoma, Fasciolopsis, Clonorchis & Paragonimus Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes Schistosomes from other trematodes?

  • Their intestinal caeca reunite after bifurcation (correct)
  • They have a muscular pharynx
  • Their eggs are operculated
  • They are hermaphroditic

    • How do Schistosomes infect their definitive hosts?

  • Through the respiratory system
  • By attaching to the host's intestines
  • Through ingestion of contaminated water
  • By penetrating the unbroken skin (correct)

    • Which species of Schistosome affects the urogenital system?

  • S.haematobium (correct)
  • S.mekongi
  • S.japonicum
  • S.intercalatum

    • What is the intermediate host for S.mansoni?

    <p>Biomphalaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Schistosome affects the intestinal system?

    <p>S.japonicum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Schistosomes infect their intermediate hosts?

    <p>Through ingestion of contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method of transmission for Schistosoma spp.?

    <p>Contact with contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the infective form of Schistosoma spp. that encounters the skin?

    <p>Cercariae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prepatent period for Schistosoma haematobium?

    <p>10-12 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical symptom is associated with egg deposition and extrusion by Schistosoma haematobium?

    <p>Painless hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ can be affected by tissue proliferation and repair due to Schistosoma mansoni infection?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most practical method for the diagnosis of Schistosomiasis?

    <p>Microscopic identification of eggs in stool or urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Schistosoma may lead to obstructive uropathy due to tissue proliferation in the bladder and lower ureter?

    <p>Schistosoma haematobium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic clinical manifestation associated with egg deposition and extrusion by Schistosoma mansoni?

    <p>Dysentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should stool examination be performed for the suspected infection of S. mansoni or S. japonicum?

    <p>When infection with S. mansoni or S. japonicum is suspected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of biopsy may demonstrate eggs when stool or urine examinations are negative for Schistosomiasis?

    <p>Rectal biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunological serological test can be used for the diagnosis of Schistosoma spp.?

    <p>Antibody detection test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main clinical feature of S. haematobium infection?

    <p>Painless terminal hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the migratory phase of S. haematobium infection, what symptoms might a person experience?

    <p>Rashes and itchy skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ can be affected by tissue proliferation and repair due to S. mansoni infection?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of eggs laid by female S. haematobium?

    <p>They are passed in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the release of toxic metabolites by schistosomulae during the growth stage of S. haematobium infection?

    <p>General anaphylactic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of schistosomiasis primarily involves vesical, prostatic, and uterine venous plexus?

    <p>S. haematobium infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of snails are implicated as intermediate hosts for S. haematobium in India?

    <p><em>Ferrissia tenuis</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication associated with chronic S. mansoni infection?

    <p><em>Cor pulmonale</em> and endarteritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the habitat of Oncomelania species, the snail intermediate host for Schistosoma japonicum?

    <p>Rice fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is hepatic cirrhosis caused by Schistosoma japonicum different from true cirrhosis?

    <p>It results from fibrosed granulomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main method of transmission for Schistosoma japonicum?

    <p>Skin contact with contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immunological test is used to demonstrate antibodies in serum for Schistosoma japonicum?

    <p>Falcon assay screening test (FAST/ELISA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can infection with Schistosoma japonicum be prevented near lakes, ponds, and rice fields?

    <p>Avoiding excretion near these areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ exhibits clay pipe stem cirrhosis due to Schistosoma japonicum infection?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the infective form of Schistosoma spp. that encounters the skin?

    <p>Cercariae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Schistosoma japonicum eggs demonstrated in stool examinations?

    <p>Kato Katz Smear technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes hepatic fibrosis caused by S.mansoni from that caused by S.japonicum?

    <p>Increased egg load in S.japonicum fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the diagnosis of schistosomiasis typically confirmed?

    <p>By finding ova in feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of liver involvement in schistosomiasis?

    <p>Portal hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Schistosoma causes Oriental schistosomiasis?

    <p>S. japonicum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of urinary system involvement in schistosomiasis?

    <p>Obstructive uropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary organs affected by S. japonicum infection?

    <p>Liver and brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to pipe-stem fibrosis in schistosomiasis?

    <p>Vascular occlusion by ova</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of brain involvement in schistosomiasis?

    <p>Seizures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is specifically mentioned as a treatment for Schistosomiasis in the text?

    <p>Albendazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main clinical feature of urinary schistosomiasis caused by S. haematobium?

    <p>Dysuria and frequency of micturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic manifestation of cercarial dermatitis caused by Schistosoma species?

    <p>Papules, macules, and vesicles on the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common name for swimmer's itch caused by penetration of the skin by cercariae?

    <p>Cercarial dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic pathological response to damage by eggs in tissue due to Schistosomiasis?

    <p>Hoeppli reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the initial toxic and allergic symptoms associated with urinary schistosomiasis caused by S.haematobium?

    <p>Not marked, but bladder and ureter involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical clinical manifestation of intestinal schistosomiasis caused by S.mansoni?

    <p>Papules, papillomata, ulceration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between protozoa and helminths?

    <p>Protozoa consist of a true membrane-bound nucleus and cytoplasm, while helminths have no definite nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of parasite causes rupture of red blood cells, leading to a specific disease?

    <p>Plasmodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of disease production by parasites through mechanical injury?

    <p>Rupture of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of worms lead to iron deficiency anemia due to their blood-sucking activities?

    <p>Round worms (Nematoda)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of parasites has larval stages parasitizing one or more species different from hosts of adults?

    <p>Trematoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method of disease production by parasites through the introduction of pathogenic microorganisms?

    <p>Urinary carrier rate of Salmonella typhi linked to urinary schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasite results in the deprivation of nutrients, fluids, and metabolites by competing with the host for food?

    <p>Competing for other micronutrients causing Protein energy malnutrition as in Ascaris, Strongyloides etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the larval stages of trematodes that have an enormous impact on human populations?

    <p>Miracidium, redia, cercaria, and metacercaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is responsible for intestinal obstruction?

    <p>Ascaris lumbricoides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of histolytic enzymes released by Entamoeba histolytica?

    <p>Lysis of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasite leads to the blockage of ducts such as blood vessels or lymphatics?

    <p>Strongyloides stercoralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Platyhelminthes and Nematoda?

    <p>Platyhelminthes are flat worms while Nematoda are round worms with multi-layered nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes Protozoa from Helminths?

    <p>Presence of a nucleus and functional organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Parasites of medical importance in terms of their kingdoms?

    <p>Eukaryote and unicellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the general characteristic of trematodes?

    <p>Presence of an incomplete alimentary canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic feature of Arthropoda among the listed parasites?

    <p>Insects, spiders, mites, ticks etc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing factor between Protozoa and Helminths in terms of reproduction?

    <p>May have a sexual phase of their life cycle in another host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a general characteristic feature of Helminths?

    <p>Reproductive system highly developed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Arthropoda from other parasites?

    <p><strong>Insects, spiders, mites, ticks etc</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of trematodes?

    <p>Body covered with integument, also bears spines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Protozoa from Arthropoda?

    <p>Reproduce quickly and asexually in the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasites possess flame cells and collecting tubules as part of their excretory system?

    <p>Helminths (nematodes, trematodes, cestodes/platyhelminths)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing characteristic of Acanthocephala or thorny-headed worms?

    <p>Body covered with integument and bearing spines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length range of the adult Fasciolopsis buski worm?

    <p>5 mm to 7.5 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the metacercariae of Fasciolopsis buski found?

    <p>On fresh water plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many eggs does each adult Fasciolopsis buski worm produce per day?

    <p>8000 to 50,000 eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common human intestinal trematode causing infection in humans?

    <p>Fasciolopsis buski</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which host serves as the definitive host for Fasciolopsis buski?

    <p>Pigs and humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Fasciolopsis buski found within the human body?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size range of the eggs produced by the adult Fasciolopsis buski worm?

    <p>$130-140$ µm to $80-85$ µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which snails act as the first intermediate hosts for Fasciolopsis buski?

    <p>$Planorbid$ snails of certain genera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the infective form of Fasciolopsis buski to humans and pigs?

    <p>$Metacercariae$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the year when Fasciolopsis buski was first described?

    <p>1843</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of infection for Clonorchis sinensis?

    <p>Raw or partially cooked fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal is mentioned as a reservoir for Clonorchis sinensis?

    <p>Dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequent complication of Clonorchis sinensis infection of long-standing duration?

    <p>Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the definitive diagnosis of Clonorchis sinensis infection typically made?

    <p>Demonstration of eggs in the faeces or duodenal contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most frequent complication of long-standing clonorchiasis infection?

    <p>Cholangiocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for clonorchiasis?

    <p>Praziquantel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can clonorchiasis infection be prevented at the community level?

    <p>Avoiding consumption of raw fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the adult Paragonimus westermani worm live in the definitive host?

    <p>Close to the bronchioles in the lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specimen is the preferred choice for parasitic diagnosis of Paragonimus westermani infection?

    <p>Sputum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the infective form of Paragonimus westermani to humans and other definitive hosts?

    <p>Metacercaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Characteristics of Schistosomes

    • Schistosomes are distinguished from other trematodes by their unique characteristics.
    • They infect their definitive hosts through skin penetration.

    Schistosoma spp. Infections

    • Schistosoma haematobium affects the urogenital system.
    • Schistosoma mansoni affects the intestinal system.
    • Schistosoma spp. infect their intermediate hosts through cercarial penetration.

    Transmission and Diagnosis

    • The main method of transmission for Schistosoma spp. is through skin contact with contaminated water.
    • The infective form of Schistosoma spp. that encounters the skin is cercariae.
    • The prepatent period for Schistosoma haematobium is 6-8 weeks.
    • Clinical symptoms associated with egg deposition and extrusion by Schistosoma haematobium include hematuria and dysuria.
    • The liver can be affected by tissue proliferation and repair due to Schistosoma mansoni infection.
    • The most practical method for the diagnosis of Schistosomiasis is through stool examination.
    • Immunological serological tests, such as ELISA, can be used for the diagnosis of Schistosoma spp.

    Clinical Manifestations

    • The main clinical feature of S. haematobium infection is hematuria.
    • During the migratory phase of S. haematobium infection, symptoms may include fever, cough, and malaise.
    • The characteristic clinical manifestation associated with egg deposition and extrusion by S. mansoni is bloody diarrhea.
    • The characteristic of eggs laid by female S. haematobium is that they are larger than those of S. mansoni.
    • The release of toxic metabolites by schistosomulae during the growth stage of S. haematobium infection can cause an inflammatory response.

    Intermediate Hosts and Habitat

    • The intermediate host for S. mansoni is Biomphalaria snails.
    • Oncomelania species are the snail intermediate hosts for Schistosoma japonicum.
    • The habitat of Oncomelania species is in lakes, ponds, and rice fields.

    Prevention and Treatment

    • Infection with Schistosoma japonicum can be prevented near lakes, ponds, and rice fields by avoiding contact with contaminated water.
    • Praziquantel is a specific treatment for Schistosomiasis.

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    Test your knowledge on the morphology and features that distinguish Schistosoma from other trematodes. Learn about the main species infecting humans and their distinguishing characteristics.

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