layp saykol

Leishmania Complexes

• Leishmania donovani complex:
• Leishmania Mexicana complex:
• Leishmania tropica complex:

Trypanosoma

• Trypanosoma brucei gambiense:
  • Vector: Tsetse fly
• Trypanosoma brucei rhodiesiense:
  • Vector: Tsetse fly
• Trypanosoma cruzi:
  • Vector: Triatomine bug
  • Life cycle:
  • Infections can occur through contaminated blood transfusions
• Trypanosoma rangeli:
  • Vector: Triatomine bug

Definition of Terms

• Blepharoplast: Basal body structure
• Kinetoplast: Umbrella term for blepharoplast and small parabasal body
• Parasitemia: General term for describing parasitic infection of blood
• Schizodeme analysis: Restriction analysis of kinetoplast DNA technique
• Zymodeme analysis: Restriction analysis of isoenzyme pattern technique
• Pruritis: Intense itching
• Anergic: Inability of an individual to mount an adequate immune response
• Nagana: Form of the disease often found in cattle
• Chancre: Ulcer
• Malaise: General feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify
• Lymphadenomaly: Lymph node enlargement
• Kerandel's sign: Delayed sensation to pain
• Somnolence: Excessive sleepiness
• Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or group of muscles
• Glomerulonephritis: Subsequent kidney damage
• Myocarditis: Inflammation of the heart
• Chagoma: Development of an erythamous nodule
• Romana's Sign: Characteristic conjunctivitis and unilateral edema of the eyelids
• Megacolon: Enlargement of colon
• Megaesophagus: Enlargement of esophagus
• Hepatosplenomegaly: Enlargement of liver and spleen
• Cardiomegaly: Enlargement of heart

Plasmodium and Babesia

• Plasmodium vivax:
• Plasmodium ovale:
• Plasmodium malariae:
• Plasmodium falciparum:
• Babesia species:
  • Human to human transmission may occur via contaminated blood transfusions
• Babesia microti:
  • Life cycle:

Nematodes

• Enterobius vermicularis:
  • Life cycle:
  • Retroinfection: Migration of newly hatched larvae from the anal skin back into the rectum
• Trichuris trichiura:
  • Life cycle:
  • Female worms in the cecum shed between 3,000 and 20,000 eggs per day
• Ascaris lumbricoides:
  • Life cycle:
  • Adult worms can live 1 to 2 years
• Necator americanus:
  • Life cycle:
• Ancylostoma duodenale:
  • Life cycle:
  • Some A.duodenale larvae can become dormant and re-activate to establish patent infections
• Strongyloides stercoralis:
  • Life cycle:
  • Autoinfection: Filariform larvae can penetrate the intestinal mucosa or skin, resulting in autoinfection
• Mansonella ozzardi:
  • Life cycle:
  • Infective stage: L3 Larva enters bite wound
  • Diagnostic stage: Unsheathed microfilaria
  • Vector: Sucking midge or blackfly
• Mansonella perstans:
  • Life cycle:
  • Infective stage: L3 Larva enters bite wound
  • Diagnostic stage: Unsheathed microfilaria
  • Vector: Biting midges of the genus Culicoides
• Mansonella streptocerca:
  • Life cycle:
  • Infective stage: L3 Larva enters bite wound
  • Diagnostic stage: Unsheathed microfilaria
  • Vector: Biting midges of the genus Culicoides

Cestodes

• Taenia saginata:
• Taenia solium:
  • Life cycle:
  • Infective stage: Cysticercus larva present in meat
  • Diagnostic stage: Eggs on gravid proglottids in feces
  • Mode of transmission: Ingestion of contaminated meat
• Hymenolepis diminuta:
  • Life cycle:
  • Infective stage: Cysticercus in body cavity of insects ingested by rodent or human
  • Diagnostic stage: Eggs passed in feces
  • Mode of transmission: Ingestion of insects in precooked cereals or other foods and directly from environment
• Hymenolepis nana:
  • Life cycle:
  • Infective stage: Cysticercoid infected arthropod or embryonated eggs
  • Diagnostic stage: Embryonated eggs
  • Intermediate host: Beetles and fleas
  • Mode of transmission: Internal autoinfection or ingestion of contaminated food
• Dipylidium caninum:
  • Life cycle:
  • Infective stage: Cysticercoid in fleas
  • Diagnostic stage: Gravid proglottids and eggs
  • Intermediate host: Larval stage of dog flea and cat flea
  • Mode of transmission: Dog and cat licking the host; Hand-to-Mouth contamination; Ingestion of contaminated food
• Diphyllobothrium latum:
  • Life cycle:
  • Primary intermediate host: Cyclops species crustacean
  • Secondary intermediate host: Perch fish and Pike fish
  • Paratenic host: Predator fish as transport host
  • Infective stage: Pleocercoid/Pleurocercoid larvae
  • Diagnostic stage: Unembryonated eggs
  • Mode of transmission: Ingestion of undercooked paratenic host
• Echinicoccus granulosus:
  • Life cycle:
  • Infective stage: Embryonated eggs in feces
  • Diagnostic stage: Alveolar hydatid cyst in various organs
  • Mode of transmission: Ingestion of eggs
  • Humans are aberrant intermediate hosts, and become infected by ingesting eggs

Trematodes

• Fasciolopsis buski:
  • Life cycle:
  • Infective stage: Metacercariae on water plants
  • Diagnostic stage: Unembryonated eggs
  • Mode of transmission: Ingestion of contaminated plants
• Fasciola hepatica:
  • Life cycle:
  • Infective stage: Metacercariae on vegetation
  • Diagnostic stage: Unembryonated eggs
  • Mode of transmission: Ingestion of contaminated plants
• Clonorchis sinensis:
  • Life cycle:
  • Infective stage: Metacercariae in contaminated fresh water fish
  • Diagnostic stage: Embryonated eggs
  • Mode of transmission: Ingestion of contaminated fish