Parasitology Control Programs Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between treatment and control in the context of parasitology?

  • Treatment is more effective than control in all cases.
  • Control focuses on preventing significant levels of parasites. (correct)
  • Treatment always prevents future infections.
  • Control only utilizes chemical methods.

Which of the following classes of antiparasitic drugs is NOT commonly used in veterinary medicine?

  • Antiprotozoals
  • Acaricides
  • Anthelmintics
  • Antibiotics (correct)

What is a critical consideration when formulating a parasite control program?

  • The availability of vaccines for other diseases.
  • The species being treated and its susceptibility to the drug. (correct)
  • The cost of the drugs only.
  • The number of parasites in the environment.

Why is strategic control of parasites important in veterinary medicine?

<p>It reduces the risk of resistance to treatments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'White feet don't treat' emphasize in relation to using ivermectin?

<p>Some dogs have genetic conditions that make them susceptible to ivermectin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of maintaining refugia in parasite management?

<p>To ensure a portion of the worm population remains susceptible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach can help combat drug resistance in parasite populations?

<p>Integrating non-chemical modalities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of using drug combinations in treating parasites?

<p>It increases the overall efficacy of the treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the 80/20 rule in parasite control is true?

<p>It implies that targeting high shedders dilutes resistant worms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred from the impact of using multiple drugs on efficacy?

<p>Efficacy remains high when drugs are used in combination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of an endoparasiticide?

<p>Kills internal parasites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of anthelmintics is known for binding to beta-tubulin?

<p>Benzimidazoles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following parasiticides is classified as an endectocide?

<p>Ivermectin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism of action do macrocyclic lactones primarily use?

<p>Paralysis of pharyngeal and somatic muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major class of anthelmintics?

<p>Antiprotozoals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anthelmintic is used for treating giardia?

<p>Fenbendazole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ectoparasiticides is true?

<p>They only target external parasites. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with using macrocyclic lactones?

<p>Intestinal rupture due to simultaneous killing of all worms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors should be considered when making recommendations for a specific animal species?

<p>Environmental conditions and individual characteristics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended frequency for internal parasite testing in pets?

<p>At least annually (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal when managing large animal parasite control?

<p>Minimizing disease and related risks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has contributed to an increase in drug resistance in parasites?

<p>Routine year-round administration of parasite drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might testing for vector-borne parasites be performed annually?

<p>To monitor diseases present in the area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes risk-based recommendations from routine recommendations in parasite control?

<p>They involve individualized assessments based on lifestyle and environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding parasite control in small animals?

<p>Risk-based treatments are being utilized in other countries more than in the US (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should parasite testing frequency increase for animals?

<p>With young animals or those with risky lifestyles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Parasite Control

Preventing clinically and economically important levels of parasites and/or disease.

Anthelmintic Treatment

Kills parasites, but may or may not prevent future infections.

Strategic Parasite Control

Using anthelmintics wisely, considering the host, parasite, environment, and drug properties.

Species-Specific Drug Considerations

Evaluating drug compatibility and efficacy for a species before using it.

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Zoonotic Potential

Parasites that can transfer from animals to humans.

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Endoparasiticide

A type of medication used to kill internal parasites, such as worms found within the body.

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Ectoparasiticide

A type of medication used to kill external parasites, such as fleas, ticks, and mites.

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Endectocide

A type of medication that kills both internal and external parasites.

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Antiprotozoals

A type of medication that targets protozoan parasites, single-celled organisms that can cause various diseases.

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What is the mechanism of action of Benzimidazoles?

Benzimidazoles bind to beta-tubulin, disrupting the formation of microtubules within parasites, ultimately hindering their metabolism and leading to their death.

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What is the mechanism of action of Macrocyclic Lactones?

Macrocyclic lactones cause paralysis of the pharyngeal and somatic muscles of parasites, effectively suffocating them.

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What is the mechanism of action of Membrane Depolarizers?

Membrane depolarizers act as neuromuscular blocking agents, inducing spastic paralysis of parasites, leading to their death.

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What is the unique characteristic of Praziquantel?

Praziquantel primarily targets cestodes (tapeworms) and some trematodes (flukes), but its efficacy against these parasites is not consistently observed in ruminants.

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Drug Resistance

When parasites become less susceptible to a drug, making it less effective for treatment.

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Refugia

A portion of the parasite population that is NOT exposed to a drug, preventing widespread resistance.

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Combination Therapy

Using multiple drugs at the same time to increase effectiveness and decrease resistance.

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80/20 Rule

A small percentage of animals shed most of the parasite eggs and worms, making targeted treatment more effective.

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Non-Chemical Modalities

Methods that don't use drugs to control parasites, like pasture management or breed resistance.

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Host-specific Considerations

Factors related to the animal itself that influence parasite control, such as species (e.g., cats vs. cows), age, breed, reproductive status, lifestyle, and living environment (e.g., pet in a home vs. shelter).

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Environment and Client/Owner Factors

Factors that influence parasite control based on the animal's surroundings and the owner's situation, including housing, financial limitations, travel, the animal's job/purpose, and even the region's climate.

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Vector-borne Parasite Testing

Regular testing for parasites spread by insects or other animals, such as heartworms (through mosquitoes) and tick-borne diseases.

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Internal Parasite Testing

Regular fecal analysis to detect intestinal parasites like roundworms, hookworms, and tapeworms.

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Frequency of Parasite Testing

The pace at which parasite testing should be done, typically annually, but increased for young animals or those with high-risk lifestyles.

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Year-round Parasite Prevention

Using preventive medications consistently throughout the year, a common practice in the US for small animals.

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Drug Resistance in Parasites

Parasites evolving to become less susceptible to antiparasitic drugs, making control more challenging.

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Spectrum of Care in Parasite Control

A flexible and adaptable approach to parasite control, tailoring the treatment based on the animal's individual risk factors.

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Study Notes

Parasitology 5: Parasitology Control Programs

  • Course presented by Dr. Cassan Pulaski on August 21, 2024
  • Focus is on parasitology control programs in veterinary medicine

Learning Objectives

  • Students will learn about generic antiparasitic drug classes used in veterinary medicine: antiprotozoals, anthelmintics, insecticides, and acaricides. Specific drug indications and selection will be emphasized.
  • Students will develop control programs based on parasite biology and the use of chemical and non-chemical parasite control methods.
  • Students will create control/prevention plans to educate clients and the public on parasite risks (biosecurity, zoonotic potential, and food safety).

Treatment versus Control

  • Anthelmintic treatment directly kills parasites. Control strategies aim to prevent clinical/economic parasite levels
  • Strategic control depends on correct anthelmintic use, knowledge of the host, parasite, and environment, and drug properties.
  • Variations in treatment are needed due to differences between small and large animal hosts.
  • Zoonotic parasites are a concern in control programs.
  • Production losses can be affected during control strategies
  • Proper timing of treatment is crucial to prevent resistance in animals

Considerations for Parasiticide Use

  • Species-specific considerations are essential for appropriate treatment.
  • Safe use of drugs for the given species must be considered
  • Effectiveness of the drug in killing the target parasite
  • Contraindications for use

Categories of Parasiticides

  • Endoparasiticide- Kills internal parasites
  • Ectoparasiticide- Kills external parasites
  • Endectocide- Kills both internal and external parasites. Includes a newly coined term for avermectin/milbemycin (macrocyclic lactone) drugs.
  • Antiprotozoals target protozoan parasites.
  • Anthelmintics target helminthic parasites (worms)
  • Insecticides/Acaricides target arthropods (insects and arachnids).

Antiprotozoals

  • Specific drugs act in different ways to inhibit parasite growth. Imidacarb, quinolones, metronidazole, sulfonamides are examples of classes.
  • The target for these drugs are things like DNA synthesis and respiration.

Anthelmintics

  • Benzimidazoles prevent tubulin polymerization,
  • Macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, moxidectin) cause muscle paralysis
  • Membrane depolarizing agents such as levamisole or pyrantel are used for specific parasite disruption
  • Isoquinolines (praziquantel) cause paralysis of certain parasites.
  • Cyclooctadepsipeptides

Ectoparasiticides

  • These act on the nervous system of external parasites
  • Ectoparasiticide groups include isoxazolines, macrolides, pyrethrins, and organophosphates.
  • Some drugs target chitin synthesis (Diflubenzuron, Lufenuron).

Control Programs

  • Individualized programs based on host species (cats versus cows), living environment, and management goals
  • Factors include breed, age, reproductive status, housing conditions, or financial constraints
  • Individual versus herd treatment approaches are needed
  • Considerations for parasite resistance development in large and small animal populations

Client-Owned, Small Animals

  • Importance of annual testing to screen for the parasites
  • Heartworm testing
  • Testing for tick-borne pathogens and internal parasites
  • Treatment frequency may vary based on animal needs

Future of Small Animal Parasite Control

  • Drug resistance of heartworms, hookworms, and flea tapeworms is on the rise.
  • Environmental concerns involving drug residues and health issues must be considered

Large Animal Parasite Control

  • Eradication of all parasites is impossible. Programs should aim to minimize disease.
  • Herd-wide control strategies can inadvertently increase parasite resistance.
  • Maintaining a proportion of susceptible worms is needed
  • Integrated treatment options, beyond drugs, are needed

Refugia Example

  • Refugia are the resistant individuals that survive treatment
  • They dilute the resistant population and increase susceptible worms

Impact of Using Multiple Drugs on Efficacy

  • Using combinations of drugs can increase the eradication rates by multiple percentage factors, due to the reduction in the survival of the parasites.

How to Keep Balance in Parasite Control Programs

  • Maintain contamination levels
  • Use anthelmintics effectively
  • Monitor and treat animals selectively
  • Quarantine new introductions
  • In addition to drug use for treatment, prevention is key

Specific Strategies to Delay Parasite Resistance in Small Animals

  • Targeted treatments (FEC for horses, FAMACHA for cattle)
  • Consider diarrhea score or body condition to determine the targeted treatment
  • Selective treatment avoids selecting resistant worms
  • Leave some of the healthiest animals in a herd untreated to create a balance for the future survival of resistant worms.

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