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Questions and Answers
What is the primary difference between treatment and control in the context of parasitology?
What is the primary difference between treatment and control in the context of parasitology?
Which of the following classes of antiparasitic drugs is NOT commonly used in veterinary medicine?
Which of the following classes of antiparasitic drugs is NOT commonly used in veterinary medicine?
What is a critical consideration when formulating a parasite control program?
What is a critical consideration when formulating a parasite control program?
Why is strategic control of parasites important in veterinary medicine?
Why is strategic control of parasites important in veterinary medicine?
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What does the phrase 'White feet don't treat' emphasize in relation to using ivermectin?
What does the phrase 'White feet don't treat' emphasize in relation to using ivermectin?
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What is the primary purpose of maintaining refugia in parasite management?
What is the primary purpose of maintaining refugia in parasite management?
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Which approach can help combat drug resistance in parasite populations?
Which approach can help combat drug resistance in parasite populations?
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What is the effect of using drug combinations in treating parasites?
What is the effect of using drug combinations in treating parasites?
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Which statement about the 80/20 rule in parasite control is true?
Which statement about the 80/20 rule in parasite control is true?
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What can be inferred from the impact of using multiple drugs on efficacy?
What can be inferred from the impact of using multiple drugs on efficacy?
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What is the primary function of an endoparasiticide?
What is the primary function of an endoparasiticide?
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Which class of anthelmintics is known for binding to beta-tubulin?
Which class of anthelmintics is known for binding to beta-tubulin?
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Which of the following parasiticides is classified as an endectocide?
Which of the following parasiticides is classified as an endectocide?
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What mechanism of action do macrocyclic lactones primarily use?
What mechanism of action do macrocyclic lactones primarily use?
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Which of the following is NOT a major class of anthelmintics?
Which of the following is NOT a major class of anthelmintics?
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Which anthelmintic is used for treating giardia?
Which anthelmintic is used for treating giardia?
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Which of the following statements about ectoparasiticides is true?
Which of the following statements about ectoparasiticides is true?
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What is a potential risk associated with using macrocyclic lactones?
What is a potential risk associated with using macrocyclic lactones?
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What factors should be considered when making recommendations for a specific animal species?
What factors should be considered when making recommendations for a specific animal species?
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What is a recommended frequency for internal parasite testing in pets?
What is a recommended frequency for internal parasite testing in pets?
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What is the main goal when managing large animal parasite control?
What is the main goal when managing large animal parasite control?
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What has contributed to an increase in drug resistance in parasites?
What has contributed to an increase in drug resistance in parasites?
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Why might testing for vector-borne parasites be performed annually?
Why might testing for vector-borne parasites be performed annually?
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What distinguishes risk-based recommendations from routine recommendations in parasite control?
What distinguishes risk-based recommendations from routine recommendations in parasite control?
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Which statement is true regarding parasite control in small animals?
Which statement is true regarding parasite control in small animals?
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When should parasite testing frequency increase for animals?
When should parasite testing frequency increase for animals?
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Study Notes
Parasitology 5: Parasitology Control Programs
- Course presented by Dr. Cassan Pulaski on August 21, 2024
- Focus is on parasitology control programs in veterinary medicine
Learning Objectives
- Students will learn about generic antiparasitic drug classes used in veterinary medicine: antiprotozoals, anthelmintics, insecticides, and acaricides. Specific drug indications and selection will be emphasized.
- Students will develop control programs based on parasite biology and the use of chemical and non-chemical parasite control methods.
- Students will create control/prevention plans to educate clients and the public on parasite risks (biosecurity, zoonotic potential, and food safety).
Treatment versus Control
- Anthelmintic treatment directly kills parasites. Control strategies aim to prevent clinical/economic parasite levels
- Strategic control depends on correct anthelmintic use, knowledge of the host, parasite, and environment, and drug properties.
- Variations in treatment are needed due to differences between small and large animal hosts.
- Zoonotic parasites are a concern in control programs.
- Production losses can be affected during control strategies
- Proper timing of treatment is crucial to prevent resistance in animals
Considerations for Parasiticide Use
- Species-specific considerations are essential for appropriate treatment.
- Safe use of drugs for the given species must be considered
- Effectiveness of the drug in killing the target parasite
- Contraindications for use
Categories of Parasiticides
- Endoparasiticide- Kills internal parasites
- Ectoparasiticide- Kills external parasites
- Endectocide- Kills both internal and external parasites. Includes a newly coined term for avermectin/milbemycin (macrocyclic lactone) drugs.
- Antiprotozoals target protozoan parasites.
- Anthelmintics target helminthic parasites (worms)
- Insecticides/Acaricides target arthropods (insects and arachnids).
Antiprotozoals
- Specific drugs act in different ways to inhibit parasite growth. Imidacarb, quinolones, metronidazole, sulfonamides are examples of classes.
- The target for these drugs are things like DNA synthesis and respiration.
Anthelmintics
- Benzimidazoles prevent tubulin polymerization,
- Macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin, moxidectin) cause muscle paralysis
- Membrane depolarizing agents such as levamisole or pyrantel are used for specific parasite disruption
- Isoquinolines (praziquantel) cause paralysis of certain parasites.
- Cyclooctadepsipeptides
Ectoparasiticides
- These act on the nervous system of external parasites
- Ectoparasiticide groups include isoxazolines, macrolides, pyrethrins, and organophosphates.
- Some drugs target chitin synthesis (Diflubenzuron, Lufenuron).
Control Programs
- Individualized programs based on host species (cats versus cows), living environment, and management goals
- Factors include breed, age, reproductive status, housing conditions, or financial constraints
- Individual versus herd treatment approaches are needed
- Considerations for parasite resistance development in large and small animal populations
Client-Owned, Small Animals
- Importance of annual testing to screen for the parasites
- Heartworm testing
- Testing for tick-borne pathogens and internal parasites
- Treatment frequency may vary based on animal needs
Future of Small Animal Parasite Control
- Drug resistance of heartworms, hookworms, and flea tapeworms is on the rise.
- Environmental concerns involving drug residues and health issues must be considered
Large Animal Parasite Control
- Eradication of all parasites is impossible. Programs should aim to minimize disease.
- Herd-wide control strategies can inadvertently increase parasite resistance.
- Maintaining a proportion of susceptible worms is needed
- Integrated treatment options, beyond drugs, are needed
Refugia Example
- Refugia are the resistant individuals that survive treatment
- They dilute the resistant population and increase susceptible worms
Impact of Using Multiple Drugs on Efficacy
- Using combinations of drugs can increase the eradication rates by multiple percentage factors, due to the reduction in the survival of the parasites.
How to Keep Balance in Parasite Control Programs
- Maintain contamination levels
- Use anthelmintics effectively
- Monitor and treat animals selectively
- Quarantine new introductions
- In addition to drug use for treatment, prevention is key
Specific Strategies to Delay Parasite Resistance in Small Animals
- Targeted treatments (FEC for horses, FAMACHA for cattle)
- Consider diarrhea score or body condition to determine the targeted treatment
- Selective treatment avoids selecting resistant worms
- Leave some of the healthiest animals in a herd untreated to create a balance for the future survival of resistant worms.
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Description
Explore the essentials of parasitology control programs in veterinary medicine with this quiz. You will learn about various classes of antiparasitic drugs, their indications, and strategies for developing effective control measures. This quiz will enhance your understanding of both treatment and prevention in managing parasites.
