Parasitology and Virology: Hepatitis Viruses
38 Questions
5 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the significance of prolonged presence of HBsAg in a patient's blood?

  • It indicates the patient has recovered from the disease
  • It indicates the patient is a chronic carrier and is at risk of chronic hepatitis and hepatic carcinoma (correct)
  • It indicates the patient is in the prodrome phase of the disease
  • It indicates the patient is in the acute phase of the disease

    • What is the window phase in Hepatitis B infection?

  • The period when HBsAg is absent but HBsAb is present
  • The period when HBcAb is present but HBsAg is absent
  • The period when HBsAg is present but HBsAb is not yet detectable (correct)
  • The period when HBeAg is present but HBsAb is absent

    • What is the significance of HBcAb in the diagnosis of Hepatitis B?

  • It is always negative during the acute phase
  • It is an indicator of transmissibility
  • It is an indicator of chronic carrier state
  • It is always positive during the window phase and can be used to make the diagnosis (correct)

    • What is the significance of HBeAg in Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>It is an indicator of high transmissibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of Hepatitis B infection is HBsAg detectable in most patients?

    <p>Prodrome and acute disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is HBsAb not detectable in the acute or chronic carrier state of Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>It is bound to the large amount of HBsAg present in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique characteristic of Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)?

    <p>It can only replicate in cells infected with HBV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Hepatitis D diagnosed?

    <p>By detecting delta antigen or IgM antibody to delta antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean incubation period of Hepatitis C virus?

    <p>8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of Hepatitis D infection?

    <p>Chronic liver disease is a common complication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnosis for Hepatitis C?

    <p>Detecting antibodies to HCV by ELISA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the confirmatory test for Hepatitis C?

    <p>RIBA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Hepatitis E?

    <p>It is a non-enveloped, positive ssRNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of Hepatitis G?

    <p>It causes chronic liver disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a chronic Hepatitis C infection?

    <p>Elevated transaminase levels, a positive RIBA, and detectable viral RNA for at least 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mode of transmission of HDV?

    <p>Through sexual contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment of choice for chronic Hepatitis C?

    <p>Combination of alpha interferon and ribavirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of genome of the Hepatitis D virus?

    <p>Negative ssRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Hepatitis D infection?

    <p>It is often co-infected with HBV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a treatment option for Hepatitis D?

    <p>Alpha interferon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of serotypes of Hepatitis D virus?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is there a vaccine available for Hepatitis C?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interpretation of a serological test result with HBsAg + HBeAg + HBcAb (IgM)?

    <p>Active case (acute)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interpretation of a serological test result with HBsAb + HBeAb + HBcAb (IgG)?

    <p>Recovered (immune)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of administering alpha interferon to patients with chronic Hepatitis B infections?

    <p>To reduce hepatic inflammation and lower the levels of HBV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is indicated to receive the Hepatitis B vaccine?

    <p>People who are frequently exposed to blood or blood products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of HBcAb (IgM) in the interpretation of serological test results?

    <p>It is a marker of acute infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using nucleoside analogues, such as lamivudine, in the treatment of chronic Hepatitis B infections?

    <p>They reduce hepatic inflammation and lower the levels of HBV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the component of the Hepatitis B vaccine produced in yeasts by recombinant DNA techniques?

    <p>HBsAg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the interpretation of a serological test result with HBsAg + HBeAb + HBcAb (IgG)?

    <p>Chronic carrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hepatitis viruses has a transmission route of oral-fecal?

    <p>Hepatitis A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hepatitis viruses is a significant risk for patients with a history of hemophilia?

    <p>Hepatitis B, C, and D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hepatitis viruses has a negative sense single-stranded RNA genome?

    <p>Hepatitis D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hepatitis viruses is associated with carcinoma and cirrhosis?

    <p>Hepatitis C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hepatitis viruses has a diagnostic test involving serum levels of HBsAg?

    <p>Hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hepatitis viruses has an incubation period of 2-10 weeks?

    <p>Hepatitis D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hepatitis viruses is not typically associated with a chronic infection?

    <p>Hepatitis A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hepatitis viruses has a transmission route of parenteral, transplacental, and sexual?

    <p>Hepatitis B and D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hepatitis B

    • HBsAg appears during the incubation period and is detectable in most patients during the prodrome and acute disease.
    • Prolonged presence of HBsAg (at least 6 months) indicates carrier state and risk of chronic hepatitis and hepatic carcinoma.
    • HBsAb is not detectable in the acute or chronic carrier state because it is bound to the large amount of HBsAg present in the blood.
    • In the acute state, when recovered, there is a period of several weeks when HBsAg has disappeared but HBsAb is not yet detectable, known as the window phase.
    • HBeAg presence indicates transmissibility, and its presence indicates low transmissibility.

    Interpretation of Hepatitis B Serological Test Results

    • HBsAg + HBeAg + HBcAb (IgM): active case (acute)
    • HBeAb+ HBcAb (IgM): window
    • HBsAb + HBeAb + HBcAb (IgG): recovered (immune)
    • HBsAg + HBeAb + HBcAb (IgG): chronic carrier
    • HBsAb: vaccine (immune)

    Treatment and Prevention of Hepatitis B

    • Alpha interferon is clinically useful for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infections.
    • Nucleoside analogues, such as lamivudine, are effective in reducing hepatic inflammation and lowering HBV levels in chronic carriers.
    • The vaccine (e.g. Recombivax) contains HBsAg produced in yeast by recombinant DNA techniques.
    • Indications for vaccination include healthcare personnel, patients receiving multiple transfusions or dialysis, and patients with frequent sexually transmitted diseases.

    Hepatitis C

    • Leads to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and predisposition to hepatocellular carcinoma.
    • Mean incubation period is 8 weeks.
    • Causes significant autoimmune reactions, including vasculitis, arthralgias, purpura, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.

    Laboratory Diagnosis of Hepatitis C

    • Diagnosed by detecting antibodies to HCV by ELISA.
    • Test does not distinguish between IgM and IgG and does not distinguish between an acute, chronic, or resolved infection.
    • Confirmation by PCR to detect viral RNA.

    Treatment and Prevention of Hepatitis C

    • A combination of alpha interferon and ribavirin is the treatment of choice for chronic hepatitis C.
    • New treatments include Sovaldi/Gratisovir (Sofosbuvir), Olysio (Simeprevir), Dactavira (Daclatasvir), Harvoni (Sofosbuvir + Ledipasvir), Epclusa (Sofosbuvir + Velpatasvir), and Mavyret (Pibrentasvir + Glecaprevir).
    • No vaccine is available, and hyperimmune globulins are not available.

    Hepatitis D

    • Defective virus that requires HBV co-infection to replicate.
    • Transmitted sexually, through blood, and perinatally.
    • Pathogenesis involves cytotoxic T cell damage to infected hepatocytes.
    • Disease is more severe in co-infected individuals.

    Laboratory Diagnosis of Hepatitis D

    • Diagnosis made by detecting either delta antigen or IgM antibody to delta antigen in the patient's serum.

    Treatment of Hepatitis D

    • Alpha interferon reduces some effects of chronic hepatitis caused by HDV but does not eradicate the chronic carrier state.
    • Immunization against HBV prevents HDV infection.

    Hepatitis E

    • Clinically resembles hepatitis A, but chronic liver disease does not occur.
    • No prolonged carrier state exists.
    • No antiviral treatment and no vaccine are available.

    Hepatitis G (GBV-C, Human pegivirus)

    • Discovered in the mid-1990s, causing some sort of chronic liver disease.
    • Transmitted by blood and sexual intercourse.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Quiz on Hepatitis viruses, covering pathogenesis of HBV, HCV and HDV, and laboratory diagnosis of Hepatitis B, including HBsAg and chronic hepatitis.

    More Like This

    Viral Hepatitis
    10 questions

    Viral Hepatitis

    FreshRabbit4462 avatar
    FreshRabbit4462
    Hepatitis Viruses: HCV and HDV
    30 questions

    Hepatitis Viruses: HCV and HDV

    IntelligentRealism avatar
    IntelligentRealism
    Hepatitis Viruses and HIV
    30 questions

    Hepatitis Viruses and HIV

    MarvelousFrancium avatar
    MarvelousFrancium
    Virus Epatite e Le Loro Caratteristiche
    26 questions

    Virus Epatite e Le Loro Caratteristiche

    RockStarViolet917 avatar
    RockStarViolet917
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser