110 Questions
Which subphylum of Phyllum Sarcomastigophora is characterized by the presence of one or more flagella?
Mastigophora
What is the main feature of Trypanosoma in their trypomastigote stage?
Presence of reserve food granules
Which Trypanosoma subspecies causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)?
Trypanosoma gambiense
In which hosts do Trypanosomes pass their life cycle?
Both vertebrate hosts and insect vectors
Which vector is responsible for transmitting Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense?
Glossina morsitans
Which form of Trypanosoma brucei evades the immune system through antigenic variation?
Trypomastigote
Which species of Trypanosoma causes chronic sleeping sickness?
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
How is African trypanosomiasis diagnosed?
Detection of trypanosomes in lymph node aspirate
What is the prophylaxis for African trypanosomiasis?
Control of tsetse fly population through insecticide spraying
What is dourine?
A parasitic venereal disease of equines
In which host does Leishmania pass its life cycle?
Mammalian host and sandfly vector
Which species of Leishmania causes visceral leishmaniasis?
Leishmania donovani
How many different diseases are caused by various species of genus Leishmania?
Three
What is the main method for diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis?
Demonstration of amastigotes in tissue smears
What is the recommended prophylaxis for cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Use of insect repellents and protective measures for forest workers
What are the two morphological forms of Giardia lamblia found in the duodenum?
Cyst and trophozoite
How is transmission of Giardia lamblia most commonly facilitated?
Through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water and food
Which species causes severe mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
L. braziliensis complex
What is the main method for diagnosing mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Demonstration of amastigotes in smears and serology
Where is Leishmania donovani found?
Southern Bulgaria
What are the symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis?
High fever, spleen and liver enlargement, darkened skin, and weight loss
What is the Leishmania tropica complex known for causing?
Old world cutaneous leishmaniasis
What is the primary habitat of Giardia lamblia in the human body?
Duodenum
What are the recommended prophylactic measures for visceral leishmaniasis?
Insecticide spraying, destruction of animal reservoirs, and use of anti-bite repellents
How does Giardia lamblia damage the intestine?
Mechanically and through release of toxins
How can giardiasis be diagnosed?
All of the above
What is the most common clinical sign in giardiasis?
Prolonged diarrhea, accompanied by a disturbance in absorption especially of fats, disaccharides and vitamin A
How is trichomoniasis diagnosed?
All of the above
What is the main habitat of Trichomonas vaginalis in females?
Vagina, cervix, urethra
What is the main method for diagnosing trichomoniasis in males?
Detection of T. vaginalis in a discharge from the prostate or urethra
What is the main method for prophylaxis of giardiasis?
Prevention of food and water cyst contamination
Where does Trichomonas tenax primarily inhabit?
Mouth and throat
What is the main mode of transmission of Trichomonas tenax?
Kissing and salivary droplets
What is the main habitat of Trichomonas hominis in the human body?
Large intestine
What is the main method for prophylaxis of trichomoniasis?
Use of condoms
What is the usual mode of infection in the life cycle of T. vaginalis?
Sexual transmission
How do trophozoites of T. vaginalis reproduce?
Binary fission
What is the main feature of representatives of subphylum Mastigophora (flagellates)?
Presence of one or more flagella for movement
In which hosts do Trypanosomes pass their life cycle?
Vertebrate hosts and insect vectors
Which species of Trypanosoma causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)?
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
What is the main habitat of Trypanosomes?
Man and other vertebrate hosts
What is the main method for diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis?
Demonstration of amastigotes in tissue smears
What is the primary habitat of Giardia lamblia in the human body?
Duodenum
How is Giardia lamblia most commonly transmitted?
Ingestion of cysts in contaminated water and food
What is the main method for diagnosing mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Demonstration of amastigotes in smears and serology
What are the two morphological forms of Giardia lamblia found in the duodenum?
Cyst and trophozoite
What is the recommended prophylaxis for visceral leishmaniasis?
Insecticide spraying, destruction of animal reservoirs, and use of anti-bite repellents
What is the main method for diagnosing giardiasis?
Microscopic examination of stool samples
What is the main method for prophylaxis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Use of insect repellents, insecticide spraying, and protective measures for forest workers
Where is Leishmania donovani found?
Southern Bulgaria
What is the main method for prophylaxis of giardiasis?
Insecticide spraying, water purification, and good personal hygiene
What is the main method for diagnosing cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Skin biopsy and microscopic examination
What is the main method for prophylaxis of cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Insecticide spraying, destruction of animal reservoirs, and use of protective clothing
What is the vector responsible for transmitting Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense?
Tsetse flies
What is the main method for diagnosing trypanosomiasis?
Blood smear
What is the main method for prophylaxis of African trypanosomiasis?
Insecticide spraying
Which species of Trypanosoma causes chronic sleeping sickness?
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
What is the main method for diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis?
Bone marrow aspiration
What is the main method for prophylaxis of cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Using insect repellent
Which genus of obligate intracellular parasites passes their life cycle in two hosts: the mammalian host and the insect vector, female sandfly?
Leishmania
What is the causative agent of dourine, a parasitic venereal disease of equines?
Trypanosoma equiperdum
What is the main habitat of Trichomonas vaginalis in females?
Vagina
What is the main method for diagnosing cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Skin scraping
What is the main method for prophylaxis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Early treatment of cutaneous lesions
Which species of Leishmania causes visceral leishmaniasis?
Leishmania donovani
How can giardiasis be diagnosed?
Microscopy: stool examination for cysts of Lamblia duodenalis detection of trophozoite in duodenal contents
What is the main method for diagnosing trichomoniasis?
Microscopic examination: detection of T. vaginalis in vaginal or urethral discharge
What is the primary habitat of Trichomonas vaginalis in females?
Vagina, cervix, Bartholin’s glands, and urethra
What is the main method for prophylaxis of giardiasis?
Prevention of food and water cyst contamination
Where does Trichomonas tenax primarily inhabit?
Oral cavity
Which genus of Trypanosoma exists at some point in their life cycle as trypomastigote stage with an elongated spindle-shaped body, central nucleus, a posterior kinetoplast, and long undulating membrane?
Trypanosoma cruzi
In which hosts do Trypanosomes pass their life cycle?
Both vertebrate hosts and insect vectors
Which subphylum of Phyllum Sarcomastigophora is characterized by the presence of one or more flagella?
Mastigophora
Which species of Leishmania causes visceral leishmaniasis?
Leishmania donovani
What is the main method for diagnosing trichomoniasis in males?
Microscopic examination of discharge from the prostate or urethra
What is the main habitat of Trichomonas hominis in the human body?
Large intestine
What is the main method for diagnosing giardiasis?
Microscopy: stool examination for cysts of Lamblia duodenalis detection of trophozoite in duodenal contents
What is the main method for diagnosing cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Microscopic examination of skin scrapings or biopsies
What is the main method for diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis?
Microscopic examination of bone marrow or splenic aspirate
What is the main method for diagnosing trypanosomiasis?
Microscopic examination of blood smears
What is the main mode of transmission of Trichomonas tenax?
Fecal-oral route
What is the primary habitat of Trichomonas vaginalis in females?
Vagina and cervix
How can giardiasis be diagnosed?
Microscopy: stool examination for cysts of Lamblia duodenalis detection of trophozoite in duodenal contents
What is the main method for diagnosing mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Microscopic examination of skin scrapings or biopsies
What is the main method for prophylaxis of trichomoniasis?
Use of condom during invasion period
What is the recommended prophylaxis for cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Use of insect repellent
What is the primary method for diagnosing cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Demonstration of amastigotes in tissue smears
What is the recommended prophylaxis for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Insect repellents and protective measures for forest workers
Which species causes old world cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Leishmania tropica complex
How is Giardia lamblia most commonly transmitted?
Through ingestion of contaminated water and food
What is the main method for diagnosing mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?
Demonstration of amastigotes in tissue smears
What is the main habitat of Giardia lamblia in the human body?
Duodenum
What is the primary method for diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis?
Serodiagnosis
What is the main method for prophylaxis of giardiasis?
Boiling water before consumption
Where is Leishmania donovani found?
Southern Bulgaria
What are the symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis?
High fever, spleen and liver enlargement, darkened skin, and weight loss
What is the main method for diagnosing giardiasis?
Demonstration of trophozoites in stool samples
What is the main method for prophylaxis of visceral leishmaniasis?
Use of anti-bite repellents
Which form of Trypanosoma brucei evades the immune system through antigenic variation?
Procyclic form
Which vector is responsible for transmitting Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense?
Tsetse flies
What is the causative agent of dourine, a parasitic venereal disease of equines?
Trypanosoma equiperdum
What is the primary habitat of Giardia lamblia in the human body?
Intestine
Which genus of obligate intracellular parasites passes their life cycle in two hosts: the mammalian host and the insect vector, female sandfly?
Leishmania
How can giardiasis be diagnosed?
Detection of cysts in stool samples
What is the main method for prophylaxis of African trypanosomiasis?
Insecticide spraying
Which species causes old world cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Leishmania tropica
What is the main method for diagnosing visceral leishmaniasis?
Bone marrow aspiration
In which hosts do Trypanosomes pass their life cycle?
Mammalian host and insect vector
What is the main feature of Trypanosoma in their trypomastigote stage?
Presence of undulating membrane
What is the main method for diagnosing cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Skin scraping for microscopy
Study Notes
Leishmania and Giardia: Parasitic Infections Summary
- Leishmania donovani is found in southern Bulgaria and causes visceral leishmaniasis, transmitted by infected sandflies
- Visceral leishmaniasis symptoms include high fever, spleen and liver enlargement, darkened skin, and weight loss
- Diagnosis is through demonstration of amastigotes in tissue smears, serodiagnosis, and molecular diagnosis (PCR)
- Prophylaxis includes insecticide spraying, destruction of animal reservoirs, and use of anti-bite repellents
- Leishmania tropica complex includes three species causing old world cutaneous leishmaniasis
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis has two subtypes: urban (dry) and rural (wet), with different clinical presentations
- Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis complex is severe and can lead to disfigurement
- Diagnosis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is through demonstration of amastigotes in smears and serology
- Prophylaxis includes use of insect repellents, insecticide spraying, and protective measures for forest workers
- Giardia lamblia is found worldwide and lives in the duodenum in two morphological forms: cyst and trophozoite
- Transmission occurs through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water and food, with children commonly affected
- Giardia damages the intestine mechanically and through release of toxins, facilitated by antigenic variation and variant-specific surface proteins
Leishmania and Giardia: Parasitic Infections Summary
- Leishmania donovani is found in southern Bulgaria and causes visceral leishmaniasis, transmitted by infected sandflies
- Visceral leishmaniasis symptoms include high fever, spleen and liver enlargement, darkened skin, and weight loss
- Diagnosis is through demonstration of amastigotes in tissue smears, serodiagnosis, and molecular diagnosis (PCR)
- Prophylaxis includes insecticide spraying, destruction of animal reservoirs, and use of anti-bite repellents
- Leishmania tropica complex includes three species causing old world cutaneous leishmaniasis
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis has two subtypes: urban (dry) and rural (wet), with different clinical presentations
- Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis complex is severe and can lead to disfigurement
- Diagnosis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is through demonstration of amastigotes in smears and serology
- Prophylaxis includes use of insect repellents, insecticide spraying, and protective measures for forest workers
- Giardia lamblia is found worldwide and lives in the duodenum in two morphological forms: cyst and trophozoite
- Transmission occurs through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water and food, with children commonly affected
- Giardia damages the intestine mechanically and through release of toxins, facilitated by antigenic variation and variant-specific surface proteins
African Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis Overview
- Trypanosoma brucei is a parasite that invades connective tissue, lymph nodes, blood, and the central nervous system
- Tsetse flies, including Glossina morsitans and Glossina palpalis, are vectors for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- Trypanosoma brucei has various forms including trypomastigote, procyclic, epimastigote, and metacyclic forms
- Trypanosoma brucei evades the immune system through antigenic variation, which leads to exhaustion of the immune system and an increase in blood levels of antibodies
- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense causes acute sleeping sickness, while Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes chronic sleeping sickness
- Clinical features of sleeping sickness include a painless chancre, fever, rashes, lymph node enlargement, and CNS involvement leading to coma and death
- Trypanosomiasis can be diagnosed through detection of trypanosomes in lymph node aspirate, blood smear, and stained smear of cerebrospinal fluid
- Prophylaxis of African trypanosomiasis involves the control of tsetse fly population through insecticide spraying, traps, and baits
- Dourine is a parasitic venereal disease of equines caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum, which is transmitted by sexual contact
- Leishmania is a genus of obligate intracellular parasites that pass their life cycle in two hosts: the mammalian host and the insect vector, female sandfly
- Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis and multiplies within macrophages in humans and other mammalian hosts
- Three different diseases are caused by various species of genus Leishmania: visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania and Giardia: Parasitic Infections Summary
- Leishmania donovani is found in southern Bulgaria and causes visceral leishmaniasis, transmitted by infected sandflies
- Visceral leishmaniasis symptoms include high fever, spleen and liver enlargement, darkened skin, and weight loss
- Diagnosis is through demonstration of amastigotes in tissue smears, serodiagnosis, and molecular diagnosis (PCR)
- Prophylaxis includes insecticide spraying, destruction of animal reservoirs, and use of anti-bite repellents
- Leishmania tropica complex includes three species causing old world cutaneous leishmaniasis
- Cutaneous leishmaniasis has two subtypes: urban (dry) and rural (wet), with different clinical presentations
- Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis complex is severe and can lead to disfigurement
- Diagnosis of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is through demonstration of amastigotes in smears and serology
- Prophylaxis includes use of insect repellents, insecticide spraying, and protective measures for forest workers
- Giardia lamblia is found worldwide and lives in the duodenum in two morphological forms: cyst and trophozoite
- Transmission occurs through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water and food, with children commonly affected
- Giardia damages the intestine mechanically and through release of toxins, facilitated by antigenic variation and variant-specific surface proteins
African Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis Overview
- Trypanosoma brucei is a parasite that invades connective tissue, lymph nodes, blood, and the central nervous system
- Tsetse flies, including Glossina morsitans and Glossina palpalis, are vectors for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
- Trypanosoma brucei has various forms including trypomastigote, procyclic, epimastigote, and metacyclic forms
- Trypanosoma brucei evades the immune system through antigenic variation, which leads to exhaustion of the immune system and an increase in blood levels of antibodies
- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense causes acute sleeping sickness, while Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes chronic sleeping sickness
- Clinical features of sleeping sickness include a painless chancre, fever, rashes, lymph node enlargement, and CNS involvement leading to coma and death
- Trypanosomiasis can be diagnosed through detection of trypanosomes in lymph node aspirate, blood smear, and stained smear of cerebrospinal fluid
- Prophylaxis of African trypanosomiasis involves the control of tsetse fly population through insecticide spraying, traps, and baits
- Dourine is a parasitic venereal disease of equines caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum, which is transmitted by sexual contact
- Leishmania is a genus of obligate intracellular parasites that pass their life cycle in two hosts: the mammalian host and the insect vector, female sandfly
- Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis and multiplies within macrophages in humans and other mammalian hosts
- Three different diseases are caused by various species of genus Leishmania: visceral leishmaniasis, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Test your knowledge of parasitic infections with this quiz on Leishmania and Giardia. Learn about the symptoms, diagnosis, and prophylaxis for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, as well as the characteristics and transmission of Giardia lamblia.
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