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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mode of transmission of Leishmania donovani?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Leishmania donovani?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of Leishmaniasis based on the body site affected?
Which of the following is NOT a classification of Leishmaniasis based on the body site affected?
How is Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) diagnosed?
How is Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) diagnosed?
Which substance is considered the Drug of Choice (DOC) for treating Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani?
Which substance is considered the Drug of Choice (DOC) for treating Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani?
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What is the primary vector responsible for transmitting Trypanosoma brucei, causing African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)?
What is the primary vector responsible for transmitting Trypanosoma brucei, causing African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)?
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Which stage is considered the infective and diagnostic stage in Trypanosoma rhodesiense?
Which stage is considered the infective and diagnostic stage in Trypanosoma rhodesiense?
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What is the main reservoir host for Trypanosoma rhodesiense in East Africa?
What is the main reservoir host for Trypanosoma rhodesiense in East Africa?
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Which treatment is used during the hemolymphatic stage of Trypanosoma rhodesiense infection?
Which treatment is used during the hemolymphatic stage of Trypanosoma rhodesiense infection?
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What is the most common mode of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, causing Chagas disease?
What is the most common mode of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, causing Chagas disease?
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Where is Trypanosoma cruzi endemic?
Where is Trypanosoma cruzi endemic?
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Study Notes
Leishmania donovani
- Leishmania has a dimorphic life cycle spent between mammalian hosts (humans, rodents, cats, dogs) and insect vectors (adult female sandflies, Phlebotomus)
- Transmission occurs mainly through insect bites
- Leishmaniasis is classified according to the body site where the lymphoid tissue is infected: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral
- Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) is caused by L. donovani and is endemic in South Asia, Brazil, and Sudan
- Symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis include fever, diarrhea, anemia, massive hepatosplenomegaly, weight loss, and possible skin and kidney involvement
- Diagnosis is made through detecting amastigotes in clinical specimens, promastigotes in culture, genome detection through PCR, and serological tests
- Treatment involves using Amphotericin B (antifungal) and prevention through sandfly control and prompt treatment of human cases
Trypanosoma brucei
- Trypanosoma brucei is a complex of three subspecies, two of which cause human disease: T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense
- Transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly (Glossina), causing African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
- T. b. gambiense is limited to tropical West and Central Africa and has a longer incubation period
- T. b. rhodesiense is found in East Africa, has a shorter incubation period, and progresses rapidly to a fulminant fatal disease
- Symptoms of African trypanosomiasis include ulcer at the bite site, flu-like illness, lymphadenopathy, lethargy, tremors, meningoencephalitis, mental retardation, and general deterioration
- Diagnosis is made through microscopy, antibody detection, and nucleic acid detection
- Treatment involves using Suramin (ATP synthesis inhibitor) and pentamidine for the hemolymphatic stage and Melarsoprol (arsenical heavy metal compound) for the CNS stage
- Prevention measures include prompt treatment of infected people, eradication of tsetse fly breeding sites, protective netting and clothing, and use of insect repellents
Trypanosoma cruzi
- Trypanosoma cruzi causes American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease), which is endemic in South and Central America
- Found in many mammalian host reservoirs besides humans, transmitted by bugs (triatomine and reduviid), which usually bite facial sites
- Clinical manifestations of Chagas disease include:
- Acute: erythematous and induration at bug bite (chagoma), facial rash and periorbital edema (Romaña sign), and possible fatal CNS involvement
- Latent (Indeterminate): asymptomatic and progresses to chronic
- Chronic: affects the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), heart (myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy), Auerbach's plexus in GIT (megaesophagus and megacolon), and CNS (granulomas, cysts, and meningoencephalitis)
- Diagnosis is made through microscopy and parasitemia
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Description
Learn about parasitic infections caused by Leishmania donovani, including details about the life cycle, transmission, different types of leishmaniasis, and specific information about visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-azar). Get insights into diagnosis and general notes related to this parasite.
